L3

• Power can be defined broadly as the ability to achieve a desiredoutcome, sometimes referred to in terms of the ‘power to’ do something
• According to Heywood(2015), Power existswhen A gets B to dosomething that B wouldnot otherwise havedone
• This notion of power includes everything from the ability to keep oneself alive to the ability of government to promote economic growth
• Power may, more narrowly, be associated with the ability to punish and reward, bringing it close to force or manipulation, in contrast to ‘influence’ , which also encompasses rational persuasion
• What is the nature of power?

  Some social scientists define it as the use of force whereas many others explain it as the capacity to secure the desired goals through the use of force or threat of use of force or even by exercising influence
• Charles P. Schleicher defines power as “the ability to exercise such control as to make others do what they otherwise would not do by rewarding or promising to reward them, or by depriving or threatening to deprive them of something they value.
• In Social Science and Politics, Power is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people. Power may also be seen as evil or unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as reserved only to humans as social beings
• Power is often distinguished from AUTHORITY on the grounds that the former is based on the ‘ability’ to influence others, whereas the latter involves the ‘right’ to do so
• National Power is that “combination of power and capability of a state which the state uses for fulfilling its national interests and goals” according to Paddleford and Linco
• National Power is simply the ability or capability of a nation to secure the goals and objectives of its national interests in relation with other nations
• It involves the capacity to use force or threat of use of force or influence over others for securing the goals of national interest?

  National Power
• National Power as “the ability to control the behavior of other states in accordance with one’s own will. ”
• What is the currency of International Relations?

  National Power
• What are the three forms of national power?

  Economic, military, and psychological power
• Military power is regarded as absolutely essential for achieving the objective of security of the nation.
• For every nation, security is the most vital element of its national interest. It is the primary concern of every nation to work for her security.
• What is the primary concern of every nation?

  Security or military power
• Military power is as such a vital part of national power
• r. The role and importance of a state in international relations depends upon its military power.
• . No state can get recognition as a super power without being militarily superior
• Economic power is constituted by the ability of a nation to satisfy its own needs and to control the behavior of other states by affording or denying access to economic goods and services.
• The economic means of foreign policy are today the most vital means which a state can use for influencing the actions and behavior of other states. N
• No state can become a military power without having adequate economic power.
• Psychological power means the power of opinion and image of the nation
• By the use of psychological and cultural means a nation always tries to influence the people and leaders of other nations?

  Psychological power
• The ability to influence others through systematic publicity and educational and cultural relations constitutes the psychological part of the national power of a nation.
• The art of persuasion consists in defining and logically explaining a particular problem or issue or dispute to other nations or any other nation.
• An attempt is made to persuade other nations to adopt a particular and desired view or perception of the nature of issues involved in any bilateral or multilateral problem, dispute or issue?

  Persuasion
• The offering of rewards can be material or economic or psychological.
• . A nation can give material help to another nation in times of crisis or in other ways
• The practice of giving economic aid and easy loans or grants-in-aid is another method of winning support and inducing a change in the behavior of other states
• A powerful nation can inflict punishment on an offending or unhelpful state by imposing economic sanctions or norms or policies or placing trade restrictions or ensuring a denial of a possible reward.
• Denial or reduction in foreign aid or loan or refusal to export certain items or technology can be used by a powerful nation for inflicting a punishment or pressure on other nations
• The most effective punishment is the one which secures the desired objective of a state without the actual infliction of punishment on other states.
• Threat of punishment is a better method of exercise of national power than its actual infliction.
• Physical force or violence can be used by resorting to war or acts of reprisals by a powerful state
• Resort to war is the extreme form of exercise of force in international relation.
• It is a risky and dangerous method, which can damage the national power of the state which resorts to war?

  Force and Physical Violence
• To Heywood, Authority is based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than any form of coercion or manipulation. In this sense, authority is power cloaked in legitimacy or rightfulness
• “Authority can most simply be defined as legitimate power.