Urinary system

• What is the kidney anatomy

  Paired organs , bean shape , surrounded by connective tissue and fat , adrenal glands
• What is the structure of the kidney capsule?

  Outer layer capsule , inner layer capsule and cortex

  
• What is the anatomy of the kidney lobes?

  Renal lobe: nephrons draining to the same minor calyx
• What parts of the nephron are located in the cortex?

  Renal corpuscle (glomerule and bowmans capsule) , proximal convoluted tubule , distal convoluted tubule
• What parts of the nephron are located in the medulla?

  Proximal straight tubule , descending/ascending limbs , distal straight tubule , most collecting ducts (loop of henle)
• What is the function of the macula densa cells?

  monitor sodium & chloride levels in blood
• What are the functions of the mesengial cells?

  Provide structural support, phagocytosis, secretion and modulate glomerular distension
• Where is the vascular pole?

  At the 'top' of the cell next to the DCT
• Where is the urinary pole?

  Next to the PCT
• What is the parietal layer?

  Epithelial cells of bowmans capsule
• What structures consist the filtration barrier?

  1) endothelium

  2) Glomerular basement membrane

  3) Podocytes
• What is the structure of the endothelium?

  prevents proteins from entering nephron (nephron) , 70-90nm , no diaphragm with aquaporin channels
• What is the structure of the glomerular basement membrane?

  Produced by endothelial cells and podocytes , type 4 collagen , negatively charged
• What is the structure of the podocytes?

  Actin filaments , extensions called pedicels
• What is filtration based on?

  Size , shape , charge
• What are the components of the ultrafiltrate?

  Salts,ions,H+,HCO3-,amino acids,glucose,water,uric acid and small proteins
• What are the same filtration problems?

  1) Proteinuria: Increased proteins in urine; hyperfiltration

  
  

  2) Abnormal creatinine levels in urine
• What is membranous glomerulonephritis?

  Accumulation of immune complexes in glomerulus
• What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)?

  Brush border: microvilli

  Basal striation

  Na+ pumps

  amino acid reabsorption

  abundant mitochondria
• What is the structure of the distal straight tubules (DCT)?

  No brush border , apical nucleus , basal striation , mitochondria
• What are medullary rays?

  Extension from medulla to cortex
• What are the tubules in the medulla?

  PCT , DCT , collecting ducts m thin portions of the loop of henle
• What is the structure of juxtagolmerular cells?

  smooth muscle from afferent arteriole
• What is the increased blood pressure mechanism?

  Decrease in blood pressure , Na+ decreases , detected by macula densa and so contraction of smooth muscle afferent arteriole , renin liberation from juxtaglomerular cells , activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) , increased Na+ reabsorption , Increased h2o retention and so blood pressure increase
• What is absorbed in the proximal tubule?

  some drugs and posions and H+
• What exits the proximal tubule?

  Nacl , HCO3- , H2O , glucose and amino acids
• What moves to the medulla in the loop of henle?

  H2O , Nacl
• What is absorbed by the distal tubule?

  K+ , H+ and some drugs
• What exits the dital tubule?

  Nacl , HCO3-
• What exits the collecting duct?

  H2O , NaCl , Urea
• What type of epithelium is found in the ureters?

  transitional epithelium
• What are the layers of the ureters?

  Transitional epithelium , smooth muscle , lamina propia
• What is the structure of the urothelium?

  Superficial layer: Dome shaped cells

  
  

  Intermediate layer: pear shaped cells , up to 5 layers in humanas

  
  

  Basal cell layer: stem cells
• What is the urothelium?

  epithelial lining of urinary tract
• What is the function and adaption of the urinary bladder?

  Urine storage , innervated (for muscle contraction to empty bladder)
• What is the function of the urethra?

  Connect bladder with exterior
• What type of epithelium is found in a female's urothelium?

  Transition to stratified squamous
• What type of epithelium is found in a male's urothelium?

  Transition to pseudostratified