Microorganisms

• Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are living organisms that are not visible to the naked eye
• Microorganisms are divided into four groups: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae
• Microorganisms are used for various purposes, such as in the production of alcohol, preparation of medicines, and increasing soil fertility in agriculture
• Examples of microorganisms include:

  • Bacteria (e.g., Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio)
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium help increase soil fertility
• Curd is produced by Lactobacillus
• Yeasts produce oxygen (O₂)
• The process of converting sugar into alcohol is known as fermentation
• Medicines that kill disease-causing microorganisms are called antibiotics
• Louis Pasteur discovered fermentation and pasteurization
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which inhibits the growth of bacteria
• Edward Jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox
• Pathogens are agents that cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants
• Diseases that spread from an infected person to a healthy individual through air, water, food, or physical contact are called communicable diseases (e.g., cholera)
• Female anopheles mmosquito Causes malaria and the male aides mosquito causes dengue
• Robert köch found bacterium which causes anthrax disease which is also know as bacillus anthracis