water

• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aimed to identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of attachment between infants and parents, involving 60 babies from Glasgow
• Participants in the study were 60 babies from Glasgow, and the procedure involved analyzing interactions between infants and carers
• Findings from the study showed that babies of parents or carers who displayed 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• The simple chemical formula of water is H2O, where two atoms of hydrogen are joined to one atom of oxygen by a covalent bond

  
• In a water molecule, two atoms of hydrogen are joined to one atom of oxygen, and there are two 'lone pairs' of electrons on the oxygen atom
• Water is a polar molecule due to the charge separation caused by the electrons being held closer to oxygen than to hydrogen atoms
• A polar molecule like water has a certain electronegativity value, which determines the ability of an atom to attract shared electron pairs of another atom
• The bond angle in a water molecule is 104.5°, and its polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds, which are weak electrostatic attractions between molecules
• Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule, and they underlie water's chemical and physical properties
• Hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds but significantly affect the properties of water, making it more difficult to separate water molecules and attracting other polar molecules and ions
• Water is an excellent solvent for polar molecules and ionic compounds, dissolving them easily due to its polar nature
• Water's high specific heat capacity means it absorbs and releases heat slowly due to the energy needed to break hydrogen bonds between molecules
• Water's high latent heat of evaporation requires a significant amount of heat to change the state of a liquid to vapor at constant temperature
• The evaporation of water causes a cooling effect on the body as the liquid absorbs heat from the surroundings to obtain the latent heat of vaporization