Topic 1

• Eukaryotes are organisms with cells containing a nucleus; the four kingdoms of eukaryotes are protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

  
• An animal cell has a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria that produce energy; ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis

  
• A typical plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole

  
• Cell Structures Found in Both Animal and Plant Cells:

  • Cell Wall: provides structure and support
  • Chloroplasts: carry out photosynthesis
  • A Permanent Vacuole: stores cell sap and helps maintain cell turgidity

  
• A basic fungal cell has a nucleus with a distinct membrane, cell walls made of chitin, and no chloroplasts

  
• A labelled diagram of a fungus

  
• A diagram of two protist cells

  
• A typical bacterial cell is microscopic, single-celled, lacks a nucleus, and contains a circular chromosome of DNA

  
• A diagram of a primary oocyte

  
• A diagram of a ciliated cell

  
• A table showing different types of cells, their functions, and adaptations

  
• Eukaryotes are organisms with cells containing a nucleus, and the four kingdoms of eukaryotes are protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

  
• A typical plant cell includes structures like the cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole

  
• A typical animal cell consists of the nucleus (containing DNA), cell membrane, cytoplasm (with organelles), and mitochondria (energy production), as well as ribosomes for protein synthesis

  
• In a table, the structure column lists Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, and A Permanent Vacuole, with corresponding functions described in the Function column

  
• A basic fungal cell diagram

  
• Diagram of two protist cells

  
• Typical bacterial cell diagram

  
• Diagram of a primary oocyte

  
• Diagram of a ciliated cell

  
• Specialised animal cells include sperm cells, egg cells, and ciliated epithelial cells
• Sperm cells are specialised for reproduction, carrying the male DNA to the female egg cell
• Egg cells are specialised for reproduction, being fertilised by a single sperm and developing into an embryo
• Ciliated epithelial cells are specialised for wafting bacteria and particles up to the throat or down to the stomach
• A plant cell diagram includes the cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole

  
• A typical animal cell diagram includes the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria which produce energy for the cell, along with ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis

  
• A typical bacterial cell diagram shows its structure including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

  
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up in the reaction
• Enzymes are necessary for all living organisms as they allow metabolic reactions to occur at a rate that can sustain life
• Enzymes are specific to one particular substrate as the active site of the enzyme is a complementary shape to the substrate
• Enzymes and substrates randomly move about in solution, and when they collide, an enzyme-substrate complex forms, leading to the reaction
• Denaturation of enzymes occurs when the bonds holding the enzyme's shape are disrupted, leading to the loss of the active site's shape
• Enzymes work fastest at their optimum temperature, and heating beyond this temperature can denature the enzyme
• As temperature increases towards the optimum, enzyme activity increases due to more kinetic energy, faster movement, and more successful collisions with substrate molecules
• A typical animal cell diagram includes the nucleus (containing DNA), cell membrane, cytoplasm (with organelles), and mitochondria (energy production), as well as ribosomes for protein synthesis

  
• A typical plant cell diagram includes the cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole

  
• A table with Structure (Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Permanent Vacuole) and Function descriptions for each in a plant cell

  
• A diagram of a basic fungal cell

  
• A table with Structure (Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Permanent Vacuole) and Function descriptions for each in a plant cell

  
• A typical bacterial cell diagram