tectonics

• evidence for convection currents:

  -continental drift

  -fossil records

  -sea floor mapping

  -paleomagnetism
• at what plate boundaries do earthquakes occur?

  constructive, conservative, destructive
• what plate boundary forms volcanoes?

  destructive
• what does epicenter mean?

  the area directly above the focus, where the most damage occurs
• what is the focus?

  where an earthquake begins
• what are seismic waves?

  energy released from an earthquake
• what is the Richter scale?

  it measures the total amount of energy released from an earthquake on a scale from 1 to 10
• some earthquake hazards are:

  -displacement

  -fires

  -tsunamis

  -landslides
• some volcanic hazards are:

  -volcanic gases

  -landslides

  -lava flows

  -ash clouds
• what is liquefaction?

  soil losing strength, causing it to behave like a liquid
• what is pyroclastic flow?

  current of hot gas and volcanic matter
• what is lahars?

  destructive mudflow
• what magnitude did the 2010 earthquake have?

  8.8
• how many were killed in the 2010 chile earthquake?

  500
• In the 2010 chile earthquake, there was 1500 km road damage from landslides.
• after the 2010 chile earthquake, repairs were made to highways
• it took 4 years to cover after the 2010 chile earthquake
• WHat was the magnitude of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake?

  6.3
• How many were injured in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake?

  2000
• Satellite imagery was used to coordinate the recovery of Australia, after the the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
• at a destructive plate margin:

  • oceanic plate moves towards continental plate
  • the denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate
  • friction between the plates as they move causes earthquakes
  • the oceanic plate melts in the mantle and mixes with seawater. the liquid rises up through cracks in the mantle as a volcanic eruption
• at a conservative margin:

  • two plates slide past eachother
  • as they move they get caught on eachother
  • pressure builds up and is released as an earthquakes when the plates suddenly jolt free
• constructive margin:

  • two plates move apart from eachother
  • this creates a gap in the earth's crust
  • magma from the mantle rises to fill this gap and a volcanic eruption occurs
• Managing earthquake risks:

  • Monitoring and prediction
  • Protection
  • Planning
• Monitoring and protection:

  -patterns are measure with seismometers

  -cannot be predicted until moments before
• Protection:

  • earthquake proof buildings with shop absorbers
• Planning

  • earthquake drills and education of population
  • residential homes made earthquake safe
• one theory for why continental plates move is convection currents in the mantle
• The population of Christchurch is 375000
• The population density of Christchurch is 1300 / km^3
• There were 185 deaths in the Christchurch earthquake
• 100,000 buildings were damaged in the Christchurch earthquake
• The Christchurch earthquake had 40 billion USD of damage
• 10,000 were left homeless after the Christchurch earthquake
• Christchurch received 7 million USD in aid
• 10,000 affordable homes were rebuilt after the Christchurch earthquake
• the population density of new zealand is 20 / km^2
• the population density of chile is 27 / km^2
• 10 days after the chile earthquake, 90% of homes and power were restored