Science

• Scientific method is a systematic process of scientific investigation
• Hypothesis is defined as a tentative explanation
• Independent variables are conditions that change in the experiment
• Dependent variables are data and observations obtained due to changes in the independent variables
• Solution is also referred to as a homogeneous mixture
• Homogeneous mixture has a uniform or the same composition
• Heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture where each component can be easily distinguished from the others
• Solvent is the dissolving agent, while solute is the substance that is dissolved
• Dissolution is the process of dissolving a solute in a solvent
• Solubility refers to the amount of solute that may be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent
• Saturated solution has the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent
• Unsaturated solution contains less solute amount
• Supersaturated solution cannot dissolve more, leading to crystallization
• Concentrated solution has more solute dissolved in the solvent, while dilute solution has fewer solute molecules
• Concentration refers to the amount of solute in mass, volume, and in moles
• Dilution is the process of lowering concentration
• Factors affecting solubility include the nature of solute and solvent (like dissolves like), pressure, temperature, and surface area
• Tyndall Effect is light scattering
• Colligative properties are properties of a solution that do not depend on the nature of the solution but on its concentration
• Freezing is the transition from liquid to solid, evaporation is from liquid to gas, sublimation is from solid to gas, deposition is from gas to solid, condensation is from gas to liquid, and melting is from solid to liquid
• Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius, and the freezing point is 0 degrees Celsius
• Acetic acid is found in vinegar, and sodium bicarbonate is baking soda
• Osmosis is a process in which solvent molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute to higher solute concentration
• Mixture: Variable composition
• Pure Substance: Fixed composition and properties
• Element: Composed of one type of atom
• Compound: Composed of 2 or more elements
• Periodic Table: Systematic way of arranging the elements
• Law of Conservation of Mass: Reactants must be equal to the products
• Acids: Compounds that produce Hydrogen ions (H+)
• Bases: Compounds that produce Hydroxide ions (OH-)
• Svante Arrhenius defined acids as compounds that produce H+ ions and bases as compounds that produce -OH ions
• pH 7: Pure water
• pH 7.35 to pH 7.45: Normal pH of the Blood
• Malleability: Ability of a substance to be beaten down into thin sheets
• Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires
• Brittle: Can easily be broken
• Hans Jansen and Zaccharias Jansen: Invented the microscope
• Robert Hooke: Discovered the Cell
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microbiology, discovered Animalcules or Tiny Animals