R&w

• Reading a variety of genres helps learners learn text structure and language
• Pattern of development or logical arrangement helps you follow ideas and understand easily
• Signal words help create unified thought, show transition of events, and move the story to make it interesting
• Narration tells a story through the sequential presentation of events
• Chronological ordering of events shows how the story moves and is important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story
• Transitional expressions are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another
• A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction to the story
• Common transitional words to show the chronological order of events are first, next, then, and suddenly
• Sequence of events helps to show the reader how the story moves
• Description gives information and a descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader
• Adjective adverbs and sensory language describe the subject in a descriptive paragraph
• There are two types of description: objective description, which is an impartial and actual picture of the subject, and subjective description, which is a personal impression
• Definition gives the exact meaning of unfamiliar words and tells what something is
• A definition consists of three parts: the term concept or subject to be defined, the general class to which it belongs, and the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its class
• There are three types of definition: formal, extended or expanded, and exemplification
• Extended or expanded definition can be done by stating its characteristics, functions, what it's not, what is similar to it, providing examples, explaining the origin of the word or etymology, by its effect
• Exemplification explains an idea or point by developing a general statement using specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea
• Transitional expressions are used to illustrate in writing
• Classification involves arranging into groups or categories
• Research is a process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information, involving thinking strategies from lower-order to higher-order, elevating your thinking power, and serving as a problem-solving technique
• Foundations of Inquiry-Based Learning include John Dewey’s theory, Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and Jerome Bruner's theory
• Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning:

  • Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills
  • Improves student learning abilities
  • Widens learners' vocabulary
  • Facilitates problem-solving acts
  • Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
  • Encourages cooperative learning
  • Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
  • Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
  • Hastens conceptual understanding
• Research involves discovering and examining facts and information to prove accuracy, requiring inquiry or investigation, and serving as a way to discover new knowledge and apply it in various ways
• Characteristics of Research:

  • Accuracy: must provide correct or accurate data
  • Objectiveness: must deal with facts, not mere opinions
  • Timeliness: must work on fresh, new, interesting topics
  • Relevance: must be instrumental in improving society
  • Clarity: must express its central point clearly
  • Systematic: must take place in an organized manner
• Purposes of Research:

  • To learn how to work independently
  • To work scientifically or systematically
  • To have an in-depth knowledge of something
  • To elevate mental abilities
  • To improve reading and writing skills
  • To be familiar with basic research tools
• Types of Research:

  • Application and Pure research
  • Descriptive, Case Study, Survey, Observational, Correlational, Exploratory, Explanatory, Action, Enquiry
• Approaches of Research:

  • Scientific/Positive, Naturalistic, Triangulation
• Research Process:

  • Identification of the Problem
  • Literature Review
  • Setting the Direction of Study
  • Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data
  • Evaluation and Report Writing
  • Community Application or Utilization of Research
• Importance of Doing Research:

  • Adds to the existing body of knowledge
  • Improves or enhances current practices
  • Informs policy
• Characteristics of Good Research:

  • Rigorous, Replicable, Accurate, Objective, Ethical
• Ethics in Research:

  • Ethics review board ensures no rights are violated and related laws are followed
• Qualitative vs Quantitative Research:

  • Quantitative focuses on testing theories and hypotheses, uses statistical analysis, expressed in numbers, requires a large number of respondents, uses closed-ended questions, controlled variables, and a hypothesis
  • Qualitative focuses on exploring and explaining ideas and experiences, analyzed through summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting, expressed in words, does not require a large number of respondents, uses open-ended questions, and focuses on individuals or specific sets of people without using a hypothesis
• Theo Union refers to the internal and external consent by which marriage is contracted
• Fieri means "in its making" while Facto esse means "already done"
• Conjugal marriage is when a man and woman get married to lead a legitimate conjugal life
• Marriage is indissoluble, meaning it is meant for two qualified persons to live together throughout life
• In terms of age requirements for marriage:

  • In Canada, the minimum age is 18 for both parties
  • In Gambia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the minimum age is 18 for men and 16 for women
  • In the Philippines, the minimum age is 21 for the groom and 16 for the girl
  • In the US, there is a prohibitive minimum age for marriage
• Impotence (sterility) neither forbids nor invalidates a marriage
• Marriage is invalid in cases of:

  • Previous marriage where a person is bound by the bond of a previous marriage
  • Disparity of Cult, when one of the two persons was baptized in the Catholic church
  • One of the parties has received sacred orders or made a public vow of chastity
  • Abduction, where no marriage exists if the person has been abducted
  • Crime or coniugicide, which has brought about the death of a spouse
  • Consanguinity, invalid between those related by consanguinity
  • Affinity in the direct line invalidates marriage
• Public propriety is when a couple lives together after an invalid marriage