Reading a variety of genres helps learners learn text structure and language
Pattern of development or logical arrangement helps you follow ideas and understand easily
Signal words help create unified thought, show transition of events, and move the story to make it interesting
Narration tells a story through the sequential presentation of events
Chronological ordering of events shows how the story moves and is important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story
Transitional expressions are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another
A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction to the story
Common transitional words to show the chronological order of events are first, next, then, and suddenly
Sequence of events helps to show the reader how the story moves
Description gives information and a descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader
Adjective adverbs and sensory language describe the subject in a descriptive paragraph
There are two types of description: objective description, which is an impartial and actual picture of the subject, and subjective description, which is a personal impression
Definition gives the exact meaning of unfamiliar words and tells what something is
A definition consists of three parts: the term concept or subject to be defined, the general class to which it belongs, and the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its class
There are three types of definition: formal, extended or expanded, and exemplification
Extendedorexpandeddefinition can be done by stating its characteristics, functions, what it's not, what is similar to it, providing examples, explaining the origin of the word or etymology, by its effect
Exemplification explains an idea or point by developing a general statement using specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea
Transitional expressions are used to illustrate in writing
Classification involves arranging into groups or categories
Research is a process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information, involving thinking strategies from lower-order to higher-order, elevating your thinking power, and serving as a problem-solving technique
Foundations of Inquiry-Based Learning include John Dewey’s theory, Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and Jerome Bruner's theory
Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning:
Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills
Improves student learning abilities
Widens learners' vocabulary
Facilitates problem-solving acts
Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
Encourages cooperative learning
Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
Hastens conceptual understanding
Research involves discovering and examining facts and information to prove accuracy, requiring inquiry or investigation, and serving as a way to discover new knowledge and apply it in various ways
Characteristics of Research:
Accuracy: must provide correct or accurate data
Objectiveness: must deal with facts, not mere opinions
Timeliness: must work on fresh, new, interesting topics
Relevance: must be instrumental in improving society
Clarity: must express its central point clearly
Systematic: must take place in an organized manner
Purposes of Research:
To learn how to work independently
To work scientifically or systematically
To have an in-depth knowledge of something
To elevate mental abilities
To improve reading and writing skills
To be familiar with basic research tools
Types of Research:
Application and Pure research
Descriptive, Case Study, Survey, Observational, Correlational, Exploratory, Explanatory, Action, Enquiry
Ethics review board ensures no rights are violated and related laws are followed
Qualitative vs Quantitative Research:
Quantitative focuses on testing theories and hypotheses, uses statistical analysis, expressed in numbers, requires a large number of respondents, uses closed-ended questions, controlled variables, and a hypothesis
Qualitative focuses on exploring and explaining ideas and experiences, analyzed through summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting, expressed in words, does not require a large number of respondents, uses open-ended questions, and focuses on individuals or specific sets of people without using a hypothesis
TheoUnion refers to the internal and external consent by which marriage is contracted
Fieri means "in its making" while Factoesse means "already done"
Conjugal marriage is when a man and woman get married to lead a legitimate conjugal life
Marriage is indissoluble, meaning it is meant for two qualified persons to live together throughout life
In terms of age requirements for marriage:
In Canada, the minimum age is 18 for both parties
In Gambia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the minimum age is 18 for men and 16 for women
In the Philippines, the minimum age is 21 for the groom and 16 for the girl
In the US, there is a prohibitive minimum age for marriage
Impotence (sterility) neither forbids nor invalidates a marriage
Marriage is invalid in cases of:
Previous marriage where a person is bound by the bond of a previous marriage
Disparity of Cult, when one of the two persons was baptized in the Catholic church
One of the parties has received sacred orders or made a public vow of chastity
Abduction, where no marriage exists if the person has been abducted
Crime or coniugicide, which has brought about the death of a spouse
Consanguinity, invalid between those related by consanguinity
Affinity in the direct line invalidates marriage
Public propriety is when a couple lives together after an invalid marriage