Life science topic 2

• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aimed to identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of attachment between infants and parents
• Participants in the study were 60 babies from Glasgow, and the procedure involved analyzing interactions between infants and carers
• Findings showed that babies of parents or carers who displayed 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles

  
• The cell membrane is a thin boundary layer that encloses the cytoplasm and holds the cell together
• The cell membrane, along with the cytoplasm, is collectively called protoplasm
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning certain substances can move through it
• Cell membranes are crucial in transporting substances like nutrients and waste products into, out of, and within living cells
• Processes involved in movement through the cell membrane include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, and active transport
• Endosmosis is when water moves into a cell, while exosmosis is when water moves out of the cell
• Simple diffusion is a passive process where the cell provides no energy, allowing the natural movement of substances across a membrane
• Osmosis, a type of movement that requires the cell to be living, involves the selective movement of water molecules into or out of a cell
• Facilitated transport is another passive process that involves the selective movement of substances into or out of a cell using carrier protein molecules
• Active transport, which requires the cell to be living, involves the selective movement of substances into or out of a cell using energy provided by cellular respiration
• The cytoplasm is a thick jelly-like liquid that fills the inside of the cell and is where chemical reactions of the cell take place
• The cytoplasm contains small structures called organelles, each with specific functions, and its continuous movement helps transport substances around the cell
• The nucleus, often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell, contains information needed for protein and enzyme production, cell division, and other cellular functions
• The nucleus has a double nuclear membrane that encloses and protects the chromatin network, nucleopores that control movement of substances in and out of the nucleus, and a nucleoplasm that makes up the body of the nucleus
• The chromatin network within the nucleus consists of long strands of DNA molecules that carry hereditary information as genes and make chromosomes during cell division
• Inherited characteristics and variations among individuals are determined by DNA, which contains unique genes inherited from parents
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in the cytoplasm, with smooth and rough types that connect the cell membrane to transport substances and make proteins for transport
• Vacuoles, found in both plant and animal cells, serve various functions such as controlling water content, storing substances, and taking up fluids or food particles
• Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, are organelles with a double membrane that produce energy (ATP) through chemical reactions
• Golgi bodies, present in animal cells and dictyosomes in plant cells, sort and store cellular secretions like enzymes
• Chloroplasts, unique to plant cells, contain chlorophyll and are essential for photosynthesis, providing plants with the ability to make energy-rich food
• The cell wall, found in plant cells but not animal cells, is a thick tough layer made of cellulose that provides strength, protection, and helps maintain the cell's shape
• Vacuoles in plant cells are large spaces filled with cell sap, providing support by pushing outwards on the cell wall when full
• Cytoplasm - The jelly-like substance inside cells where most chemical reactions take place
• Cell membrane - A thin layer that surrounds the cytoplasm and separates it from its surroundings
• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing DNA which controls all activities within the cell.
• Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Ribosome - Site of protein synthesis
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through respiration.
• Cell Wall - Provides structure and support
• Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
• Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls all activities within the cell
• Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls all activities within the cell
• Mitochondria - Responsible for producing energy through respiration
• Mitochondria - Responsible for producing energy through respiration
• Lysosomes break down waste products and damaged organelles.