Basic Principles of Counseling

• The heart of the guidance program.

  counselling
• It is a goal-oriented relationship between a professionally-trained, competent counselor and an individual seeking help.

  counselling
• It integrates all gathered about the individual

  counselling
• It integrates all the other guidance activities to make them more meaningful.

  counselling
• Mcleod(2009) defines it as: "a purposeful, private conversation arising from the intention of one person to reflect on and resolve a problem in living, and the willingness of another person to assist in that endeavor."

  counselling
• A process which takes place in a one to one relationship between an individual troubled by problems with which he cannot cope alone, and a professional worker whose training and experience have qualified him to help others reach solutions to various types of personal difficulties.

  counselling
• Questions to be answered during counselling:

  • What do you try to do in counseling?
  • What is the purpose of counseling?
  • What is the aim of counseling?
  • What are the objectives of counseling?
  • What results are expected from counseling?
• GOALS

  • Aims
  • Try to do
  • Purpose
  • Objective
• Are the intended results of counseling

  outcome goals
• Generally, they are described in terms of what the client desires to achieve as a result of his or her interaction with the counselor.

  outcome goals
• Leads to change in the counselee in one or more of the following areas:

  1. Behavioral Change
  2. Beliefs
  3. Positive Mental Health
  4. Problem Resolution or Symptom Removal
  5. Personal Effectiveness
  6. Decision Making
• 
  

  • Changes in the ways the counselee acts, copes, makes decisions or relates.
  • Counselee live more productive.
  • Satisfying life as defined within society’s limitations.
  • Rogers point out that one outcome of counseling is that experience are not as threatening, individuals have less anxiety and their goals are more nearly in harmony with their perceived self and appear more achievable.

  behavioral change
• Ways of thinking about one self, others and the world or emotional concerns about these perceptions

  beliefs
• • Achieves integration, adjustment, positive identification with others
  • Accept responsibility
  • To be independent
  • Functional
  • Promotion and development of being like, sharing with and getting and giving interactive rewards from others

  positive mental health
• • Removal of all problems brought in counseling relationship
  • Elimination of symptoms such as: test, anxiety, phobias, frigidity, impotence, enuresis, alcoholism, and the like
  • Relieve sufferings and able to function socially

  problem solution or symptom removal
• • Seeks to maximize the possible freedom within the limitations supplied by clients and their environments
  • Seeks to maximize client’s effectiveness by giving them control over their environment and the responses within them that are evoked by the environment

  personal effectiveness
• • Making decision that are with critical importance to them
  • Clients should know why and how they made their decision
  • Learn to estimate probable consequences in terms of personal sacrifice, time, energy, money, risk and the like

  decision making
• Types of Counselor:

  1. Individual
  2. Group
  3. Multiple
  4. Couple/Partner
  5. Family
• between counselor and counselee

  individual
• counselor and several people with similar concerns

  group
• more than one counselor handles 1 or more counselee

  multiple
• marital counselling; partner counselling

  couple/partner
• for system theorists, a must for everyone experiencing difficulties

  family
• Roles of Guidance Counselor

  1. Counselor
  2. Coordinator
  3. Consultant
  4. Conductor of Activities
  5. Change of Agent
• aims to help people overcome obstacles to their personal and educational/ professional growth and move toward the maximum development of their potential

  counselor
• identify tasks that should be done by other persons or an agency and organize everything to facilitate the performance of such tasks by the needed person or agency

  coordinator
• act as an objective party looking at a situation and suggesting other helpful interventions without necessarily having a direct contact with the identified client whose needs are being addressed

  consultant
• need to carefully plan and directly conduct certain activities that may promote the client’s positive movement in life

  conductor of activities
• works to overcome the status quo if it no longer works or it has become inimical to the people by pointing out the problems and underscoring the need for change

  change agent
• Skills and Competencies:

  • diagnosing needs
  • individual and group counseling
  • educational - academic counseling
  • vocational - career counseling
  • personal - social counseling
  • cross - cultural or multicultural counseling
  • consultation
  • coordination
  • Referral
  • test administration and interpretation
  • decision - making
  • program development and implementation
  • articulation of programs, functions and roles
  • identifying and soliciting information and resources
  • evaluation
• Traits

  • genuine interest in the welfare of others
  • ability to understand the perspectives and viewpoints of others
  • belief in the ability of others to solve their problems
  • openness to learning and differing opinions
  • willingness to take risks
  • strong sense of self-worth
  • courage to make mistakes and learn from them
  • valuing for continued growth as a person
  • warmth and caring
  • keen sense of humor
  • patience and flexibility
  • creativity
  • decisiveness
• Ethical Issues in Counselling Practice


  RA 9258 or Guidance and Counselling Act of 2004
• Psychodynamic Approaches 1. Psychoanalytic Therapy – Sigmund Theraphy 2. Adlerian Therapy – Alfred Adler
• Psychodynamic Approaches

  1. Psychoanalytic Therapy – Sigmund Freud
  2. Adlerian Therapy – Alfred Adler
• Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies:

  1. Existential Therapy – Irvin Yalom, Viktor Frankl & Rollo May

  2. Person-centered Therapy – Carl Rogers

  3. Gestalt Therapy – Fritz Perls
• Cognitive-Behavior Approaches:

  1. Behavior Therapy – BF Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, and Albert Bandura
  2. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis
  3. Cognitive Behavior Therapy – Aaron Beck
  4. Reality Therapy – William Glasser
• Systems and Postmodern Approaches:

  1. Feminist Therapy – Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Oliva Espin, and Laura Brown

  2. Postmodern Approaches

  • Solution-Focused Brief Therapy – Steve de Sazer and Insoo Kim Berg

  • Narrative Therapy – Michael White and David Epston

  3. Family Systems Therapy – Alfred Adler, Murray Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, and Chloe Madanes