Social Studies II

• Culture


  Patterns of behavior, social interaction, creative and performing arts and crafts developed over many generations.
• Customs


  Shared behavior patterns which are regarded as the established way of the people belonging to a particular group or society
• Folkways 


  Cultural traditions and patterns of behavior established among a group of people living together over a long period of time
• Formal group


  Groups with written rules and sanctions
• Informal group


  Groups with no written rules or sanctions
• Hierarchy


  Group structure which provides leadership at several levels
• Institution


  A secondary group or organization set up to satisfy basic needs or for a special purpose in society
• Institutionalise


  To change to an organization or movement dominated by formal institutions
• Interaction


  Communication and shared activities that link people
• Interest group


  Group whose members share a common interest
• Involuntary group membership


  Where one does not choose to be a member of the group; this happens as a result of factors beyond one's control
• Law


  A rule of conduct given by someone in authority (usually the state) and backed by sanction
• Legitimate


  Lawful or socially acceptable
• Mores


  Norms strongly held by society which are considered essential for moral behavior and carry severe sanctions if they are violated
• Norms


  Rules, standards or patterns that guide behavior
• Peer group


  Group consisting of all persons of a similar age in a community
• Primary group


  Group (usually small and informal) in which close personal ties are a dominant feature
• Sanction


  A punishment
• Secondary group


  usually formal group in which interaction is cool and businesslike and focuses on specific common goals
• Social control


  The regulation of scoiety by means of groups and institutions to enforce norms and mores
• Society


  Collective group in which individuals live together as members of a community for their mutual benefit and protection
• Voluntary group membership


  Where persons can choose whether or not to belong to the group
• Cultural integration


  When people from one culture adopt the essence of another culture while maintaining their own
• Cultural retention 


  Cultural retention is the act of retaining the culture of a specific ethnic group of people
• Cultural penetration


  Cultural penetration refers to a crossover of cultural elements into a society where it did not originate.