Chapter 25

• Manchuria


  in 1930, Japan invaded this nation and renamed the territory Manchukuo, setting up a puppet gov't; Japan violated Open Door policy and the covenant of the League of Nations; League of Nations took not action to punish Japan's aggression, demonstrating an inability to maintain peace
• Stimson doctrine


  US response to Japan's interference in Manchuria, establishing they would not support a regime established by force; condemned Japan but did not take action to prevent further aggression
• good neighbor policy


  FDR's policy towards Latin American nations, continuing Hoover's policy of ending intervention; American economy too weak to invest in foreign operations; growing threat of Germany/ Italy pushed Roosevelt to attempt to establish better relationship throughout western hemisphere
• Pan American Conference(s)


  gathering of representatives from nations in the western hemisphere, attempting to foster cooperation (2 held during FDR's presidency); 1933-US pledged to never again interfere in affairs of Latin American nations (reversing Teddy Roosevelt's policy of intervention); 1936-US pledged to settle disputes through negotiation
• Tydings McDuffie Act


  1934; provided for independence of the Philippines by 1946 and gradual removal of US military presence from the islands
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements


  1934 plan that gave the president the power to lower tariffs up to 50% for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for US imports Roosevelt favored lower tariffs to stimulate international trade
• Nye committee


  committee that published a report in 1934 on the causes of US entry into WW1; supported general view that US involvement was a mistake by concluding the main cause was to serve greed of bankers and arms manufacturers; influenced US isolationist policy
• Neutrality acts


  series of acts passed by isolationist Congress attempting to ensure the US would not get involved in another war; 1935 authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and forbid US citizens to travel on ships of belligerent nations ;1936 forbade extension of loans and credits to belligerents ;1937 forbade shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain
• Spanish Civil War


  1936 war broke out in Spain with the rise of a fascist movement led by Fransisco Franco;opposed by Loyalists who championed republicanism; many Americans sympathized w/ Loyalists but the neutrality acts prevented them from getting involved in the conflict; Fascists won and est. military dictatorship
• Francisco Franco


  leader of fascist uprising in Spain; est. military dictatorship in 1939
• Munich Agreement


  an agreement signed by Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany that ceded the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. The resolution was signed in an attempt to avoid war
• non aggression pact


  1939 agreement between Stalin and Hitler, stating the USSR would not fight against Germany if they invaded Poland; shocked globe bc communism and fascism are ideological opposites, but the dictators secretly agreed to divide Poland btwn them
• cash and carry


  1939 neutrality act was modified so that the US could sell arms to a belligerent if they used their own ships and paid in cash; this was neutral in theory but favored Great Britain, who controlled the seas
• Selective Training and Service Act


  1940 law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service; first peacetime draft in US history
• four freedoms speech


  Roosevelt addressed Congress and proposed loaning money to Britain so they could purchase US war materials; supported his stance by saying the US had a responsibility to help protect the freedom of speech/of religion/from want/from fear
• Lend Lease Act


  1941; ended cash and carry requirement of the Neutrality Act, permitting Britain to buy US arms on credit; isolationists strongly opposed bill but public opinion was turning towards aiding Britain
• Atlantic Charter


  written by Roosevelt and Churchill once it became apparent the US would enter the war; affirmed general principles for sound peace after the war that included self determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade
• War Production Board


  organized to manage war industries; part of the massive expansion of the federal gov't in WW2
• Office of Price Administration


  federal agency that regulated the economy strictly, by freezing prices, wages, and rent and rationing meat, sugar, gasoline, and rubber
• Smith v Allwright


  1944 Supreme Court case that ruled it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way to exclude them from voting in primaries
• Korematsu v US


  1944 Supreme Court upheld US gov'ts internment policy as justified in wartime; in 1988 gov't acknowledged it was unjust and granted financial compensation to those who had been in internment camps
• Chester Nimitz


  a fleet admiral of the United States Navy. He played a major role in the naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet; leader in the Battle of Midway, a major victory that stopped Japanese expansion
• Douglas MacArthur


  U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.
• Operation Torch


  Allied campaign to drive German occupying forces out of North Africa; took N. Africa in 1943 under leadership of Eisenhower and Montgomery (british)
• bracero


  Mexican farm workers who were allowed to cross the border in the harvest season w/out going through complete immigration protocol; led to heightened racial tensions
• "Double V"


  slogan civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt, referencing the "victory" in the war abroad and in the fight for equality at home
• D Day


  June 6, 1944 Allied forces under command of Eisenhower secured several beaches on the Normandy coast, beginning the rapid movement to push back German forces
• Manhattan Project


  top secret project led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer that developed the atomic bomb; US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6th and 9th when Japan refused to surrender
• Oppenheimer


  American physicist who directed the Los Alamos, New Mexico, laboratory during the development of the first atomic bomb (1942-1945); led the Manhattan project
• Yalta


  1945 the "Big Three" lay foundation of post war plan after victory in Europe; Germany would be divided into occupation zones; there would be free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Europe; Soviets would enter war against Japan, which they did in 1945 shortly before Japan surrendered; Soviets would control southern half of Sakhalin Islands/ Kurile Islands in Pacific and receive special concessions in Manchuria; new world peace organization (United Nations) would be formed at conference in San Fransisco
• Potsdam


  meeting btwn Stalin, Truman (FDR had just passed away), and Attlee (newly elected British prime minister); agreed to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally ; agreed to hold war-crime trials for Nazi leaders
• National War Labor Board


  mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes in order to maintain production during war
• Winston Churchill


  noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns ; predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West
• FDR


  32nd President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. -Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms; died during 4th term, when Truman became president
• 22nd amendment


  1947 (ratified 1951)Constitutional amendment that established a 2 term limit on the presidency; passed after FDR served 4 terms, which many people saw as a violation of the rotation of office; made the tradition Washington set into law