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• Science is the human attempt to understand the natural world, discover facts and relationships, and create theories
• Technology, derived from the Greek term "Techne" meaning art or skill, refers to the totality of skills, techniques, and methods needed to produce goods and services
• Science explains everything that surrounds the natural world and its components, providing ways to understand how it works and operates
• Technology aims to improve the environment for sustainable resource use for future generations
• Science builds knowledge for application and greater understanding, while technology simplifies human activities for daily survival, saving time, effort, and resources
• Science seeks to solve existing problems confronting human life, while technology empowers communities through civic awareness and engagement
• Despite progress, over 700 million people globally live without electricity and 2.4 billion cook with harmful fuels
• Higher-technology industries had a better performance and recovered faster, showcasing the importance of technological innovation for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9
• Ancient Egyptians contributed to science through advancements in tools for construction and sculpture, with notable figures like Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun, and Imhotep
• Ancient Mesopotamians, considered the birthplace of writing, developed the world's first cities and administrative systems
• Mesopotamians used a sexagesimal numeral system in mathematics, understood geometry, and studied celestial phenomena in astronomy
• The Code of Hammurabi contained early evidence of diagnosis, physical exams, and prescriptions in medicine
• Ancient Mesopotamians had a scientific understanding of human afflictions and developed medicines recorded in the Library of Ashurbanipal
• Cuneiform, the ancient Mesopotamian writing system, was used for trade and communication
• The wheel and sail were crucial inventions for trade and transportation in ancient civilizations
• Greek and Roman science saw pioneers like Anaximenes and Hippocrates making significant contributions to understanding natural substances and medical ethics
• Hippocrates (460-375 BC):

  • Revered Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine
  • Emphasized that all diseases are caused by natural causes, like lifestyle and diet, not superstitions
• Ptolemy (AD 127-145):

  • Ancient astronomer who considered the earth as the center of the universe
  • His model of planetary motion showed the exact positions of celestial bodies based on astronomical observations
• Aristotle (384-322 BC):

  • Developed the concept of the scientific method
  • Placed the earth at the center of a cosmos with elements like earth, water, air, and fire
• Socrates (470-399 BC):

  • Considered one of the most authoritative founders of Western Philosophy
  • Applied his philosophy in the study of human nature and knowledge through the Socratic Method
• Plato (424/423-348/347 BC):

  • Founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy
  • Associated classical elements with regular solids and reiterated on the three parts of the soul: reason, spirit, and appetite
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna):

  • Known for the Canon of Medicine, used as an encyclopedia until the 18th century
  • Conducted clinical trials as experiments and contributed to various fields like law, theology, astronomy, and philosophy
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543):

  • Established the heliocentric theory, stating the sun is the center of the solar system
  • Formulated the heliocentric model explaining the orbit of planets around the sun
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):

  • Known for the Laws of Planetary Motion, foundational to Newton's theory of universal gravitation
  • Focused on optics and the accumulation of light in the eye
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642):

  • Italian astronomer, physicist, and polymath known as the father of modern science
  • Developed telescopes to describe celestial bodies and made significant contributions to physics
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519):

  • Italian painter, inventor, and architect, known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
  • Proficient in various fields, especially aviation, with detailed insights on flying machines
• Copernican Revolution:

  • Paradigm shift initiated by Copernicus's heliocentric theory, challenging the geocentric view
  • Argued that the earth moves and revolves around the sun, contrary to earlier beliefs
• Newtonian Revolution:

  • Marked the shift from a finite, qualitative cosmos to an infinite, quantitative universe
  • Newton's laws of motion and law of universal gravitation unified terrestrial and celestial bodies under a universal law of motion
• Isaac Newton:

  • Known for infinitesimal calculus and the theory of universal gravity
  • Published Principia, presenting Newton's Laws of Motion and Law of Universal Gravitation
• Andreas Vesalius and Human Anatomy (1514-1564):

  • Published 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica', a collection of books on human anatomy, a major advancement in the field
• VESALIUS and HUMAN ANATOMY (1514-1564):

  • Published ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica’ – a collection of books on human anatomy, a major advancement in the history of anatomy
  • Claimed that the circulation of blood happens through the pumping of the heart
  • Contribution to modern medicine and anatomy – assembly of the first human skeleton made from cutting open cadavers
  • Produced superior illustrations about the anatomy of the human body
• FRANCIS BACON and the ‘BACONIAN METHOD’ (1561-1626):

  • Published ‘Novum Organum’ which formulated a new system of logic based on inductive methodologies, contributing to the development of the scientific method
  • ‘Baconian Method’ – scientific inquiry/method
• ROBERT BOYLE and MODERN CHEMISTRY (1627-1691):

  • Known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry”
  • Pioneer in the use of experimental method
  • Formulated ‘Boyle’s Law’ describing the inversely proportional relationship between pressure and the volume of gas when temperature is kept constant
  • Hypothesized that matter consists of clusters of corpuscles in motion
• PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS von (1493-1541):

  • Established the role of chemistry in medicine
  • Published ‘Der Grossen Wundartzney’ (Great Surgery Book) in 1536
  • Developed the clinical description of syphilis in 1530
  • Known as ‘Father of Toxicology’
• RENE DESCARTES and his Discourse (1596-1650):

  • Published his contributions to the scientific method in his Discourse on the Method (1637)
  • Emphasized the power of rational thinking
  • Established the scientific method through reasoning using mathematics and physics
• ANTONIE van LEEUWENHOEK and MICROBIOLOGY (1632-1723):

  • Known as the ‘Father of Microbiology’
  • Pioneered work in microscopy and microbiology
  • His observations laid the foundations for bacteriology and protozoology
• Significant Contributions in Science and Technology:

  • GAVINO C. TRONO:
  • Known as the ‘Father of Kappaphycus farming’
  • Made remarkable contributions in tropical marine phycology
  • Discovered 25 new marine benthic algae
  • Established the G. T. Velasquez Herbarium, UP Diliman’s Marine Science Institute
  • ANGEL C. ALCALA:
  • Known for his studies on the rehabilitation of coral reefs
  • Created artificial coral reefs as a model for fisheries advancement
  • Contributed immensely to Philippine Marine life and ecology
  • Built sanctuaries to promote biodiversity in Philippine aquatic ecosystems
  • RAMON C. BARBA:
  • Focused on agriculture, particularly the mango industry
  • Developed a process for mango trees to flower and bear fruits 3 times a year
  • Contributions in plant physiology and micropropagation
  • EDGARDO D. GOMEZ:
• • Efforts to protect marine resources, especially coral reefs
  • Initiated conservation programs like replanting coral reefs
  • Pioneered breeding of giant clams and reproduction of marine invertebrates
  • Conducted studies on ocean acidification in Philippine oceans
  • FE DEL MUNDO:
  • Founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines
  • Extensive studies on infectious diseases
  • Developed improvements on incubators and a device to detect jaundice
  • EDUARDO QUISUMBING:
  • Advanced plant taxonomy and medicinal plant studies
  • Authored over 129 articles
  • Promoted medicinal plants as a premier scientist in the country