Biosphere 20

• OCTOSO = OPCEBB

  Organelle Organism

  Cell Population

  Tissue Community

  Organ Ecosystem

  Organ system Biome

  Organism Biosphere
• Organism


  Living thing - plant, animal, bacteria
• Population


  Group of individuals of same species in same place and time
• Community

  2 or more populations in an area - sharks and fish in reefs
• Ecosystem

  Community and its biotic(living) and abiotic(non-living) factors
• Biome

  Distributed based on climate - large scale ecosystems - found around world - tundra, grassland
• Biosphere

  Area from bottom of ocean to lower atmosphere - contains ALL life on earth
• Biochemical cycle


  Transferring nutrients from environment to organism, back to environment
• Main elements of matter recycled

  nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
• Water cycle components

  Precipitation

  Standing water

  Ground water

  Evaporation

  Condensation

  Run-off
• Primary gases in acid rain

  Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides

  (Both strong acids)
• Acid rain effects


  Crop productivity

  Kills fish, soil, plants

  Weathering of limestone and corrosion
• Solutions to acid rain

  Scrubbers in smoke stacks

  CaCO3 to neutralize acid

  Tougher regulations on emissions
• Biotic components of carbon cycle

  Key element in living compounds

  Trapped and stored through photosynthesis

  Released into atmosphere by respiration
• Abiotic components of carbon cycle

  Found in atmosphere 0.03%

  Found in oceans

  Found in rocks, shells, corals

  Trapped in fossil fuels

  Released through combustion
• What percent of atmosphere is O2

  21% (20% O2 80% N2 >1% other gases)
• CO2 O2 uses in cycles

  Resp: releases CO2 uses O2

  Photo: releases O2 uses CO2

  Decomp: releases CO2 uses O2 (same as resp)

  Geo Act: releases CO2 uses O2 (same as resp)

  Chemosynthesis: uses CO2 at bottom of ocean deep sea vents
• Chemosynthesis

  Sunlight not involved in production of glucose

  Chemiosynthetic organisms live in deep sea vents

  Use inorganic molecules lile H2 and CH4 to make glucose

  Uses CO2
• Decomposition

  Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms (worms)

  Comsume O2 and release CO2

  Return important inorganic molecules to environment
• What happens if decy process is delayed

  Organic matter converted to fossil fuels (coal, natural gas)
• Combustion

  Combustion of fossil fuels (many used as energy sources) O2 consumed CO2 released
• Volcanic action and carbon cycle

  Heat produced by volcano breaks down limestone rocks that contain CO2, releasing that CO2
• Greenhouse effect

  Trapping CO2 in atmosphere

  Rising levels of CO2 cause damage to planet

  CO2, H2O, CH4, NOx
• Effects of greenhouse effect

  Melting ice cap

  Changing climate/temp

  Species extinction

  Agriculture impact/vegetation
• Why do we need the ozone layer


  Protect earth from uv and O3 in the atmosphere
• What causes ozone holes

  CFC3 - chlorofluorocarbons
• Effects of ozone holed on living things

  Increase in radiation cause increase in skins cancer and eye problems - damages skin causing premature aging
• Nitrogen cycle

  Cycle of nitrogen between organism and environment

  Involving plants, animals, several kinds of bacteria
• What % of atmosphere is nitrogen

  79%
• What parts in body of plant and animal contain nitrogen

  Protein

  Living tissue

  Cells

  Nucleic acids (dna, rna)
• Plants and nitrogen

  Obtain needed nitrogen by absorbing it from soil in form of NO3 to make proteins and aa
• Animals and nitrogen

  Obtain nitrogen by eating animals -> digest into aa -> uses aa to build animal protein in cells
• 3 key parts of nitrogen cycle

  Nitrogen fixation

  Nitrification

  Denitrification
• Nitrogen fixation


  Converting N2 into NH4 then nitrates

  Bacteria or lightning put nitrogen into soil
• Nitrification


  Converting NH4 to NO3 or NO2

  Cycle through living things
• Denitrification


  Converting NO3 and NO2 in soil back into N2

  Anaerobic bacteria taking nitrogen out of soil
• Rhizobium


  Bacteria living on legume roots
• Two methods of nitrogen fixation

  Nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes (Rhizobium)

  Lightning
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria 


  Found on roots of plants called legumes
• Lightning produce nitrates


  N2 reacts with O2 to make NO3

  Nitrates fall to earth, enter soil, move into plants through roots