Reproductive Hormes

• The testes are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
• The male reproductive system functions include:

  • Secretion of male sex hormones
  • Production of sperm cells
  • Transfer of sperm cells
• The male reproductive system includes:

  • Testis
  • Scrotum
  • Penis
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
• Sperm production requires a slightly lower temperature than the human body, which is why the scrotum hangs loosely outside the body cavity
• The testes are organs within the scrotum, each about four to five centimeters long, composed of cone-shaped lobules containing seminiferous tubules where sperm cells develop
• The vas deferens emerges from the epididymis and ascends along the back of the testes to become associated with blood vessels and nerves
• The ejaculatory duct connects into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostate gland
• The penis is composed of erectile tissues, and its engorgement with blood causes it to enlarge and become firm in a process called erection
• Testosterone is the main male sex hormone secreted by the testes, responsible for the normal development of the male reproductive system organs and changes experienced during puberty
• Secondary male characteristics due to testosterone include growth of facial, underarm, chest, pubic, and body hair, voice box enlargement resulting in a deeper voice, development of male musculature and genitals, and increased secretion of sweat and oil resulting in acne
• The female reproductive system functions include:

  • Production of female sex cells
  • Production of female sex hormones
  • Reception of sperm cells from the male
  • Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual
• The female reproductive system includes:

  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • External genitalia or vulva
• Estrogen is responsible for female physical features and reproduction, controlling the menstrual cycle and being important for childbearing
• Secondary female characteristics due to estrogen include growth of underarm and pubic hair, breast development, wider hips, smaller waist, menstruation onset, and increased secretion of sweat and oil
• The endocrine system secretes hormones to regulate reproduction, with estrogen as the main female sex hormone and testosterone for males
• Hormones are carried into the bloodstream throughout the body, affecting various organs and functions, with the endocrine system playing a role in regulating reproduction and other closely associated phenomena
• The reproductive system, also known as the genital system, consists of all anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction
• There are two types of reproductive systems in humans: male and female
• The male reproductive system produces sperm cells and transfers them to the female, while the female reproductive system produces egg cells and carries the baby throughout its development if the egg cell is fertilized
• The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes to maintain optimal conditions for sperm production at around 35 degrees Celsius
• External structures of the male reproductive system include the penis, scrotum, and testis responsible for making testosterone and producing sperm cells
• The epididymis carries, stores, and matures sperm cells, while the vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra for ejaculation
• The ejaculatory duct is formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles, the urethra is the passageway for semen and urine, and the seminal vesicle produces fructose-rich fluid to nourish sperm cells
• The prostate gland provides additional fluid to nourish sperm, and the Cowper's gland produces a lubricating fluid to neutralize acidity in the urethra
• The female reproductive system includes the ovary, fimbriae, fallopian tube, endometrium, uterus, cervix, and vagina
• The ovary is the site of egg cell production (oogenesis) and hormone production (estrogen and progesterone)
• The fimbriae pick up the egg cell from the ovary, the fallopian tube is the passage from the ovary to the uterus where fertilization occurs, and the endometrium nourishes the embryo and sheds during menstruation
• The uterus is where egg implantation occurs, distinct from fertilization which happens in the fallopian tube
• The site of egg implantation is the endometrium or uterus after the zygote, formed from the union of egg and sperm, travels down from the fallopian tube
• The cervix is the muscular opening of the uterus that can expand
• The vagina, also known as the birth canal, is the entrance of the penis
• The vagina, also known as the birth canal, is the entrance of the penis
• The menstrual cycle is a hormonal process a woman's body goes through each month to prepare for a possible pregnancy
• The menstrual cycle stages:

  • Follicle stage
  • Ovulation stage
  • Corpus luteum stage
  • Menstrual flow stage
• Menstrual cramps are caused by strong contractions of the uterine wall before and during menstruation, often due to excessive prostaglandin secretion
• Feedback mechanism: a process where the level of a substance influences the level of another substance, such as in the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle
• High levels of estrogen prevent more production of follicle stimulating hormone, while estrogen stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone, which controls the production of progesterone in a negative feedback mechanism
• During labor and childbirth, a positive feedback mechanism occurs where contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin, leading to further contractions until the baby is born
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