Chapter 5

• Plants are a main source of 


  Produce glucose during photosynthesis
• Simple sugars 


  Monosacchrides and disaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Glucose

  single sugars
• Disaccharidea


  Double sugars made of two monosaccharides
• Polysaccharides


  Complex carbohydrates

  many glucose molecules linked together
• Monosaccharides 


  Glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Hexose


  6 carbon structures

  glucose, fructose and galactose
• Glucose 


  • most abundant monosaccharide

  • linked together with other sugars

  • blood sugar
• Fructose 


  • fruits, vegetable, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup

  • 9-11% of total energy intake
• Galactose


  • glucose forming lactose
• Sugar alcohols


  • derivatives of monosaccharides
• Pentoses


  Found in nature
• essential in part of Celt’s genetic material


  ribose and deoxyribose
• Disaccharides


  Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
• maltose 


  • 2 glucose molecules

  • in seeds and alcoholic beverages
• Sucrose 


  • 1 glucose + 1 fructose

  • table sugar

  • sugarcane, sugar beets, maple tree sap
• Lactose


  • 1 glucose + 1 galactose

  • milk products
• Oligosaccharides 


  Raffinose and Stachyose
• Raffinose and stachyose


  • beta bonds

  • pass indigenes into large intestine

  • bacteria metabolize, producing intestinal gas
• Polysaccharides 


  • Starch, Glycogen, and fiber

  • complex carbohydrates
• Starch and glycogen 


  • digestible

  • storage from glucose in plants and humans
• Fiber 


  Indigestible polysaccharide
• Starch


  Storage form of glucose in plants
• Amylose


  Unbranched chain of glucose molecules
• Amylopectin


  High-branched chain of glucose molecules
• Glycogen 


  • digestible polysaccharides

  • storage form of carbohydrates

  • linked by alpha bonds

  • stored in muscle cells and liver
• Indigestible polysaccharides


  Insoluble and soluble fibers
• Insoluble fibers


  • dosent dissolve in water

  • structural parr of plant cell

  • cellulose, hemicellulose, ligins

  • seeds, whole grains
• Soluble fibers


  • dissolves in water

  • found inside plant cells

  • oat bran, fruits, legumes and psyllium
• Starch


  • carbohydrates

  • plant based foods
• Fiber 


  • found in same foods as starch

  • high processed grains are low in fiber
• Soluble fiber


  • skins and flesh of fruits and berries
• Sugar alcohols 


  Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
• Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)


  • amount of alternative sweetener considered safe for daily use over one’s lifetime
• saccharin 


  • oldest alternative sweetener

  • 300x sweeter than sucrose

  • ADI set at 5 mg/kg

  • tabletop sweetener

  • can’t use in cooking
• Aspartame


  • can’t be used in cooking

  • 160 to 220x sweeter than sucrose

  • ADI set at 50 mg/kg

  • phenylketouria should avoid
• Sucralose


  • Splenda

  • 600x sweeter than sucrose

  • ADI set at 5mg/kg
• Stevia 


  • 250x sweeter than sucrose

  • ADI set 4 mg/kg
• Fiber is considered a complex carbohydrate


  true
• A disaccharide is ___ glucose/sugar units long


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