Bio Chap. 5 and 6 lecture

    Cards (98)

    • What are macromolecules?
      Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
    • What are polymers?
      Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks
    • Define monomers
      Small building-block molecules from which polymers are built
    • What is a condensation reaction?
      Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
    • What is a dehydration reaction?
      A specific type of condensation reaction where a water molecule is lost
    • Define hydrolysis
      A reaction that disassembles polymers into monomers, essentially the reverse of dehydration reaction
    • What are carbohydrates made of and used for?
      sugars and the polymers of sugars, serving as a major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules
    • What are monosaccharides?
      The simplest carbohydrates, with molecular formulas usually multiples of CH2O
    • What are polysaccharides?
      Carbohydrate macromolecules composed of many sugar building blocks, with storage and structural roles
    • What is a glycosidic linkage?
      The type of covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction (disaccharide) joining two monosaccharides
    • What is a starch?

      A storage polysaccharide of plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers
    • What is a glycogen?

      A storage polysaccharide in animals
    • What is a Cellulose
      A major structural component of the cell wall of plants, a polymer of glucose with different glycosidic linkages than starch
    • What are fats made up of and used for?
      Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids, serving as energy storage, cushioning vital organs, and insulating the body
    • What is Glycerol?
      a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
    • What molecules are fats constructed from?
      glycerol and fatty acids
    • What are saturated fatty acids?
      Fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
    • What are unsaturated fatty acids?
      Fatty acids with one or more double bonds
    • What is hydrogenation?
      The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, also creating trans fats
    • What are phospholipids?
      Molecules with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol, forming the major component of all cell membranes
    • What are steroids?
      Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, with cholesterol being an important example
    • What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
      fatty acid tails (non-polar)
    • What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
      head
    • How do you classify a Monosaccharides?
      By the location of the carbonyl group (inside or out)
    • If the Monosaccharides is within the skeleton, its a -
      Ketose
    • If the Monosaccharides is on the outside of the skeleton, its a -
      Aldose
    • How is a disaccharide formed?
      when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
    • glucose + galactose forms

      lactose
    • glucose + fructose forms

      sucrose
    • glucose + glucose forms

      maltose
    • Where do plants store surplus starch?
      as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
    • Where is glycogen stored?
      mainly stored in liver and muscle cells
    • What type of rings does Glucose form?
      alpha and beta
    • glycogen and starch polymers are?
      alpha glucose with a helical
    • Cellulose has what kind of polymer?
      Straight beta
    • Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages can't hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose
      True
    • Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as?
      insoluble fiber
    • What are some key characteristics of lipids?
      The key characteristic of lipids is that they are entirely or mostly nonpolar
      Do not form polymers
      fats, phospholipids, and steroids
    • What is the main building block of fats and oils?
      Fatty acid
    • What is a fatty acid?
      consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton