Bio Chap. 5 and 6 lecture

• What are macromolecules?

  Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
• What are polymers?


  Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks
• Define monomers


  Small building-block molecules from which polymers are built

  
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

  
• What is a dehydration reaction?

  A specific type of condensation reaction where a water molecule is lost
• Define hydrolysis

  A reaction that disassembles polymers into monomers, essentially the reverse of dehydration reaction

  
• What are carbohydrates made of and used for?

  sugars and the polymers of sugars, serving as a major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules
• What are monosaccharides?

  The simplest carbohydrates, with molecular formulas usually multiples of CH2O

  
• What are polysaccharides?

  Carbohydrate macromolecules composed of many sugar building blocks, with storage and structural roles

  
• What is a glycosidic linkage?

  The type of covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction (disaccharide) joining two monosaccharides

  
• What is a starch?


  A storage polysaccharide of plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers
• What is a glycogen?


  A storage polysaccharide in animals
• What is a Cellulose

  A major structural component of the cell wall of plants, a polymer of glucose with different glycosidic linkages than starch
• What are fats made up of and used for?

  Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids, serving as energy storage, cushioning vital organs, and insulating the body
• What is Glycerol?

  a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

  
• What molecules are fats constructed from?

  glycerol and fatty acids
• What are saturated fatty acids?

  Fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

  
• What are unsaturated fatty acids?

  Fatty acids with one or more double bonds

  
• What is hydrogenation?

  The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, also creating trans fats

  
• What are phospholipids?

  Molecules with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol, forming the major component of all cell membranes

  
• What are steroids?

  Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, with cholesterol being an important example

  
• What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

  fatty acid tails (non-polar)

  
• What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

  head
• How do you classify a Monosaccharides?

  By the location of the carbonyl group (inside or out)

  
• If the Monosaccharides is within the skeleton, its a -

  Ketose
• If the Monosaccharides is on the outside of the skeleton, its a -

  Aldose
• How is a disaccharide formed?

  when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
• glucose + galactose forms


  lactose
• glucose + fructose forms


  sucrose
• glucose + glucose forms


  maltose
• Where do plants store surplus starch?

  as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
• Where is glycogen stored?

  mainly stored in liver and muscle cells
• What type of rings does Glucose form?

  alpha and beta
• glycogen and starch polymers are?

  alpha glucose with a helical

  
• Cellulose has what kind of polymer?

  Straight beta

  
• Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages can't hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

  True
• Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as?

  insoluble fiber
• What are some key characteristics of lipids?

  The key characteristic of lipids is that they are entirely or mostly nonpolar

  Do not form polymers

  fats, phospholipids, and steroids
• What is the main building block of fats and oils?

  Fatty acid
• What is a fatty acid?

  consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton