health and social care

• Whole person approach


  Understanding the whole person to be able to support them
• Holistic approach is about meeting the needs of the whole person
• Aspects of physical health


  • Healthy body systems
  • Regular exercise
  • Healthy diet
  • Regular sleep patterns
  • Access to shelter and warmth
  • Good personal hygiene
• Aspects of social wellbeing


  • Friendships and other positive social relationships
  • Strong family relationships
  • Relationships as part of a social group
• Genes


  Segments of DNA that carry a code for variations of a characteristic
• Alleles


  Different versions of genes
• Genetic predisposition


  People are more likely to develop certain conditions due to their genetic makeup
• Whether a person develops a genetically predisposed condition depends on lifestyle and environmental factors
• Effects of inherited disorders


  • Physical health-body systems, growth and mobility
  • Intellectual wellbeing-learning, thinking, problem solving and decision making
  • Emotional wellbeing-how people feel about themselves
  • Social wellbeing-the ability to build relationships
• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes


  • Overweight or obese
  • Family history of the disease
  • Of black African, Caribbean, or South Asian descent
• Impacts of obesity


  • Breathlessness
  • Sweating
  • Low self-esteem
  • Difficulty carrying out tasks
  • Higher risk of serious conditions like heart disease, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure
• Effects of mental ill health


  • Physical-increased heartbeat, muscle tension, high blood pressure, heart disease, digestive problems, headaches, poor sleep patterns, forgetfulness
  • Emotional-feeling insecure, difficulty controlling emotions, negative self-concept, feeling anxious and frightened
  • Social-isolation, breakdown of relationships or friendships
• Physical skills affected by mental ill health


  • Balance-coordination of body movements
  • Strength-ability to use joints and muscles
  • Mobility-ability of muscles to move
  • Stamina-ability to sustain physical activity
  • Fine motor skills-coordination of fingers, wrists and hands
• Physical skills


  • Ability to remain steady and balanced
  • Having power in muscles and joints to lift and move objects
  • Ability to move and control limbs to move around freely
  • Agility-ability to bend and twist
  • Fine motor skills-making small movements with fingers, wrists and hands
• Physical ability


  Determines the type and level of physical activities a person can take part in
• Physical disability does not necessarily mean a person is not able to carry out tasks. They may need more time, support or equipment
• Effects of physical disability


  • Ability to undertake housework and everyday chores
  • Their choice of work and how they carry it out
  • Ability to carry out 'tricky tasks' such as opening jars, fastening buttons, sewing and tying laces
• Causes of hearing impairment


  • Inherited condition
  • Infection
  • Noise induced, for example machinery, music
  • Age-related loss
• The loss of taste and smell is often temporary
• Quality of foods and nutrients


  • Fresh, unprocessed foods are the most beneficial and contain the most nutrients
• Food groups


  • Fruit and vegetables
  • Starchy foods
  • Meat, fish, eggs, beans
  • Dairy products
  • Oils and spreads
• Positive effects of nutrients


  • Vitamins and minerals - Healthy immune system, skin and eyes
  • Carbohydrates - Boost energy levels
  • Protein - Growth and repair of tissues
  • Fats - Healthy cell structure, help vitamin absorption
• Negative effects of nutrient deficiency


  • Anaemia (reduced numbers of red blood cells)
  • Rickets (bone disease)
  • Poor growth
  • Depression
  • Tiredness
  • Excessive weight loss
• Negative effects of excess nutrients


  • Obesity and associated diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer and strokes
  • Reduced life expectancy
  • Less able to undertake physical activity
  • Poor self-concept
• Very muscular people may weigh more than expected for their height, but they are fit. They may require a high-energy diet if they do a lot of exercise.
• Types of physical activity


  • Everyday activities - walking, cycling, gardening, housework
  • Recreational activities - swing dancing, bowls, cycling, hiking
  • Competitive sport - football, rugby, netball, tennis, rowing
• Positive effects of physical activity


  • Physical - Maintain healthy weight, boost energy, improve mobility, strength and endurance, strengthen bones and muscles, reduce risk of heart disease and diabetes
  • Emotional - Improve confidence and mood, reduce anxiety and stress, aid relaxation and sleep, improve self-concept
  • Intellectual - Link between physical activity and brain function, such as memory and thinking skills
  • Social - Encourage social interaction, reducing isolation and improving social skills
• Negative effects of not being active


  • Physical - Obesity and associated health problems
  • Intellectual - Reduced brain performance
  • Emotional - Poor self-concept and reduced ability to cope with stress
  • Social - Fewer opportunities for social interaction
• Recommended level of physical activity helps to maintain a healthy weight, builds strong bones and healthy muscles
• Negative effects of smoking


  • Physical - Increased risk of life-threatening diseases like lung cancer, stroke, heart disease, emphysema, bronchitis
  • Emotional - Poor self-concept, worry about health effects and cost
  • Intellectual - Addiction causes cravings, distraction and stress
  • Social - Feeling socially excluded, others may avoid smokers
• Reasons people smoke


  • Addiction to nicotine
  • Unable to quit other addictions like alcohol
  • To relieve stress and relax
  • Peer pressure
  • To reward themselves
  • To avoid weight gain
• Negative effects of alcohol misuse


  • Physical - Damage to major organs like liver, heart, kidneys, increased risk of cancer, stroke, stomach ulcers, infertility
  • Emotional - Low self-concept, personality change, addiction
  • Mental wellbeing - Depression, anxiety, self-harm, brain damage, impaired brain development of unborn child, poor decision-making
  • Social - Breakdown of relationships, domestic abuse, social exclusion
  • Economic - Job loss, inability to manage money
• Prescription drugs


  Drugs prescribed by a doctor or practice nurse
• Types of recreational drugs


  • Stimulants - nicotine, cocaine, caffeine, cannabis
  • Depressants - alcohol, solvents, heroin
  • Hallucinogens - LSD, ketamine
• Possible short-term effects of recreational drugs


  • Stimulants - Increase brain activity, blood pressure and heart rate
  • Depressants - Calm, relaxed, reduced tension, confusion and loss of concentration
  • Hallucinogens - Hallucinations, altered sense of space and time, thoughts, feelings and moods
• Possible long-term effects of recreational drugs


  • Stimulants - Paranoia, aggressiveness, schizophrenia, depression, suicidal feelings
  • Depressants - Sleep problems, anxiety, memory loss, depression
  • Hallucinogens - Anxiety, memory loss, depression, panic attacks, flashbacks
• Other negative effects of substance misuse


  • Risk of HIV or hepatitis from shared needles
  • Kidney and liver damage
  • Breathing problems
  • Poor self-concept
  • Emotional and social problems like relationship breakdown, housing difficulties, money problems, job loss
  • Impaired judgement, risk of criminal record and imprisonment
• Cultural factors


  Factors that can affect people's style, beliefs, attitudes and access to health and social care
• Cultural factors that can impact negatively on health and wellbeing


  • Religious beliefs
  • Gender
  • Language
  • Discrimination
  • Traditions
• Gender


  Gender pay gap means women are economically worse off than men, which may affect areas such as diet or housing