Terminology

• asyndetic listing


  no conjunctions between each item
• polysyndetic listing


  repeated conjunctions between each item
• syndetic listing


  conjunctions
• anaphora


  repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive clauses

  
• parataxis


  the placing of related clauses in a series without the use of connecting words

  
• hypotaxis

  subordinate clauses - makes focus clear
• anaphoric reference


  refers back to previous word in text

  - requires knowledge of implicatures, need to know the antecedent of pronoun, for example
• cataphoric reference


  refers forwards to word later in text
• endophoric


  refers to word within the text
• exophoric


  refers to something outside the text, extralinguistic
• inflectional suffix


  changes no., tense, or degree

  
• derivational suffix


  changes meaning of word or word class

  
• antanaclasis


  rhetorical device in which a word is repeated in a sentence with different meanings
• epizeuxis


  same word or phrase repeated in a succession in the same sentence/line
• diphthong


  a vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds
• hypernym


  words that label categories
• hyponym


  specific words that can be included in a more general category
• adjunct


  non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted
• multimodality


  two or more communication modes to make meaning, e.g. image, spoken language, written language
• conversion


  converting a word into another class
• negation prefix

  becomes opposite: un-, anti-, non-
• extent prefix


  over-, under-
• time prefix

  pre-, post-
• subordinator/conjunction


  links clauses together

  
• subordinate clause


  dependent clause starting with conjunction
• compound sentence

  2+ independent clauses
• complex sentence


  1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clauses
• complex-compound sentence


  2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clause
• conditional sentence


  conditional tense
• preposition


  in front of noun to indicate time/position

  
• subject complement


  the word that follows a copula (it was a present)

  
• object complement

  provides information on the object (he called his brother a fool)
• predicative adjective


  adjective following copula to describe the subject
• predicative nominative


  noun following copula to describe the subject ("I am a teacher")
• predicate


  the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g. went home in John went home)
• declarative sentence


  simple statement
• exclamatory sentence


  used for emphasis/exclamation
• interrogative sentence


  ask a question
• imperative sentence


  command
• adjacency pair


  an utterance that constrains response in turn-taking