Unit 1: 1948 - 59

• Afrikaner translation for 'Black Danger' is Swart Gevaar
• Leader of the National Party in 1948 was Malan
• NP and UP won 38% and 49% of the 1948 vote
• Tomlinson Report suggested investing 100 million in Bantustans
• 156 members of the Congress Alliance were arrested in 1956
• Defiance campaign in 1952 was based on non-violent civil disobedience
• Membership increased from 4000 to 100,000 after the defiance campaign
• Freedom Charter was created by the Congress Alliance - advocating a multi-racial South Africa in 1955
• 3 ways Africanists disagreed with the ANC: they wanted it to include Africans only, not focus on civil rights but on land, wanted confrontational action and with the United States of Africa
• 60% of the white population in South Africa was Afrikaner. 40% were British descendants
• The Broerderbond was a secret group of Afrikaners who promoted Afrikaner business, economy and planned to increase Afrikaner interests
• Reserves were 13% of land that were given to Africans
• The Great Trek was the movement of Dutch colonists into inland South Africa to create a different society, separate to British rule
• What were the reasons for the National Parties victory?

  Afrikaner Nationalism, The Poor White Problem, Smuts Liberalism
• Why was Smuts more liberal?

  He was more pragmatic and willing to compromise, making Afrikaners feel threatened
• The ANC youth league was founded 1944 - released the Programme of Action in 1949, arguing for a more confrontational approach to apartheid
• Sekhukueland 1957-1958

  • Strongly against betterment policy

  • 9 government collaborators had been stabbed to death - hundreds arrested
• Defiance Campaign

  35000 protested in East London, ANC lost control, 2 white and 7 African deaths and 18 injured
• Mixed Marriage Act, 1949


  Banned marriage across races
• Immorality Act, 1949


  Banned sex across racial goups
• Population Regulation Act, 1950


  Assigned everyone in South Africa to a racial group (White, Black, Coloured and Indian)
• Group Areas Act, 1950


  Provided the power to eradicate African areas so cities would be largely white (Durban, Sophiatown, District 6)
• Suppression of Communism, 1950


  Banned the Communist Party and those sympathetic to communists
• Bantu Authorities Act, 1950


  Ensured traditional authorities were appointed throughout African reserves so they would cooperate with the government
• Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951


  Removed the coloured vote
• Native Abolition of Passes Act, 1952


  Required a reference book for each African adult to see if they had the right to be in urban areas
• Urban Areas Act, 1952


  Gave Urban rights to a minority of Africans who had lived there for 15 years, born in cities or worked in cities for 10 years
• Bantu Education Act, 1953


  Brought schools for African students under control of the state instead of missionaries
• Reservation of separate amenities Act, 1953


  Entrenched and broadened segregation
• Extension of University Education Act, 1959


  Ensured universities came under government control
• Bantu Self-governing Act, 1959


  Set up 8 self-governing homelands where Africans would live, E.G. Transkei