Unit 2: 1960 - 68

• Why was the UN arms embargo limited?

  It was voluntary
• When was the Sharpeville Massacre?

  21 March 1960
• When was the Unlawful Organisations Act passed?

  8 April 1960
• What was the Unlawful Organisations Act?

  It banned the ANC and the PAC
• When and where was the AAM founded?

  1960, London
• Why were ANC leaders cautious of radicalisation in the late 1950s?

  The Treason Trial
• What was the Treason trial?

  156 members of the Congress alliance were put on trial and potentially faced the death penalty in 1956 - lasted for 5 years
• Why was the treason trial an issue?

  Main ANC leaders were on trial and preoccupied
• When was MK's first act of sabotage?

  December 1961
• What was the difference between MK and Poqo?


  The Mk focused on sabotage whilst Poqo targeted people
• The Bantu Self-Governing Act, 1959


  Attempt to make homelands self-governing
• Terrorism Act, 1967


  Allowed people to be detained without trial
• How many died at Sharpeville?

  69 died
• When was the Wind of Change speech?

  February 1960
• Sharpevilles consequences


  • 30000 people marched on Cape Town
  • UN condemned Sharpeville and called for a reversal of apartheid
  • Unlawful Organisations Act
• What was the ANC inspired by?

  Successful armed risings in China and Cuba
• What was SA excluded from in 1964?

  Olympic Games
• What was the long term aims of Afrikaner Nationalism?

  To become a republic
• What was the first Self-Governing homeland?

  Transkei in 1963
• How many Afrikaners voted to become a republic?

  52%
• What were the 4 factors that strengthened apartheid?

  • Economic Growth
  • Bantustans
  • Diplomatic Ties
  • Police Powers
• What methods of protest did the AAM use?


  Boycotts
• Why did the UK and USA see South Africa as a valuable ally?

  The Cold War
• What was the context of the Macmillans Wind of change speech?

  Decolonsation
• When did SA leave the commonwealth?

  1961
• How much did black income rise by in the 1960s?

  23%
• How much did white income rise by in the 1960s?

  50%
• What was there an emergence of in the 1960s?

  A black middle-class
• Who reformed the police?

  John Vorster
• What did Mandela do during the Rivonia Trial?


  Gave a speech at the docks, attempting to influence world opinion
• Who did the NP believe was in control of the ANC?

  Communist
• Who was the head of Transkei?

  Chief Matanzima
• What could've influenced police actions at Sharpeville?

  Events at Cato Manor
• When was the State of Emergency declared?

  30 March 1960