Unit 2: 1960 - 68

• Limiting factor on the UN Arms Embargo 1963 was that it was voluntary
• Sharpeville Massacre happened on 21st March 1960
• Law passed on 8th April 1960 was the Unlawful Organisations Act
• AAM was founded in London in 1960
• ANC leaders needed to be cautious of radicalization at the end of the 1950s because of the Treason Trials
• MK's first act of sabotage was in December 1961
• Main difference between Poqo and MK was that Mk targeted Non-Human Targets
• The Act introduced in 1959 to make homelands self-governing was the Bantu Self-Government Act
• The Terrorism Act (1967) allowed people to be detained without trial
• 69 people died at the Sharpeville Massacre
• The Wind of Change Speech was delivered in February 1960
• An example of a rural revolt in the 1960s was the Mpondoland
• The MK used sabotage as a type of violence
• In response to Sharpeville, 30,000 people marched on Cape Town
• The ANC was inspired by successful armed uprisings in China and Cuba
• In 1964, South Africa got excluded from the Olympic Games
• A long-term aim of Afrikaner Nationalism was to become a republic
• The annual growth rate for South Africa in the 1960s was 5%
• The first homeland to become self-governing was Transkei in 1963
• 52% of Afrikaners voted to become a republic
• Four factors that strengthened apartheid was economic growth, Bantustans, diplomatic ties, and police power
• One of the methods the AAM used to protest apartheid was boycotts
• The event that made the US and UK see South Africa as a valuable ally was the Cold War
• Macmillan made his Wind of Change speech in the context of decolonization occurring across the world
• South Africa left the Commonwealth in 1961
• Black income rose by 0.23 per capita in the 1960s
• White income increased by 0.5 in the 1960s
• The Act that banned the ANC/PAC was the Unlawful Organisations Act of 1960
• After Sharpeville, the UN responded by condemning apartheid
• In the 1960s, there was the emergence of a middle-class among Africans
• John Vorster reformed the police and gave them more power
• Two examples of failed peaceful protests in the 1950s/60s:

  • The Defiance Campaign
  • The Sharpeville Massacre
• During the Rivonia, Nelson Mandela gave a speech at the docks, attempting to influence world opinion
• The NP believed that Communists were really in control of the ANC
• Chief Matanzima was head of the Transkei
• The actions of Police officers at Sharpeville may’ve been influenced by the events at Cato Manor
• The NP created homelands and pass laws because they were trying to prevent Urbanisation
• State of Emergency declared on the 30th March 1960, after Sharpeville