Phy 101

• Speed is the rate of change of distance moved with time, while velocity is the rate of change of distance with time in a specified direction

  
• Average speed = distance / time or (m/s)
• Instantaneous speed is the speed at a specific instant in time
• Average Velocity = displacement / time = ∆S / ∆t = ∆r / ∆t
• Instantaneous Velocity is given by Vins = lim(∆t→0) ∆r / ∆t = dr / dt (m/s)
• Acceleration is the rate of increase of velocity with time, a vector quantity that can be positive or negative
• Acceleration can be uniform or constant if the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time
• Instantaneous Acceleration is given by ains = lim(∆t→0) ∆v / ∆t
• The slope of a V-t graph represents acceleration

  
• The slope of a speed over time graph represents the acceleration of the object

  
• In a displacement-time graph, the slope represents the velocity of the object

  
• Kinematics is the type of mechanics that considers motion without the cause of displacement, while dynamics considers the cause of displacement
• Mechanics is the branch of physics dealing with the study of motion when subjected to forces or displacement and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment
• Average velocity of a particle is ⃗OP/t₁ and instantaneous velocity is ⃗PQ/Δt

  
• Acceleration of a particle with ⃗a(t) = (8 cos t)ˆi + (7e^(-2t))ˆj - (sin 4t)ˆk
• Particle located at ⃗x = 4ˆi - ˆj - 6ˆk and moving with ⃗V = 3ˆj + ˆk
• Velocity of the particle at t = 2s is determined by the equations provided
• Projectile motion involves a two-dimensional motion of a particle thrown obliquely into the air, following a parabolic path

  
• Horizontal component of a projectile's velocity remains invariant throughout its motion
• Time of flight of a projectile is T = 2u sin θ / g
• Maximum height of a projectile is Hmax = u^2 sin^2 θ / 2g
• Horizontal range of a projectile is R = 2u^2 sin θ cos θ / g
• Velocity of a projectile at any instant is the resultant of the velocity along x and y components
• Equation of a trajectory for a projectile is y = x tan θ - gx^2 sec^2 θ / 2u^2
• Projectile motion on an inclined plane involves a velocity of the horizontal component and maximum height calculations
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion:

  1. Law of orbit: planetary orbits the sun with the sun as one focus

  2. Law of area: the line joining the sun and planet sweeps out equal area in equal time

  3. Law of period/harmonic area: the square of the period of revolution of planets is proportional to the cube of their mean distance from the sun (T^2 ∝ r^3)

  
• Proof of Kepler's Laws:

  • Force on planet F = ma = mω^2r
  • Equating force of attraction of the sun on the planet: km/r^2 = 4π^2mr/T^2
• Motion of the Moon around the Earth:

  • Force on the Moon: F = mRω^2 = 4π^2mR/T^2
  • Relationship between Earth's gravity g and Moon's gravity: g = 4π^2R^3/T^2r^2
• Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:

  • States force of attraction between two particles is proportional to product of their masses and inversely proportional to square of their distance apart
  • Formula: F = GMm/r^2

  
• Education is the transfer of culture from one generation to another

  
• This course provides an overview on Nigerian people and culture, suitable for all Nigerian Universities Undergraduates
• General objectives of the Course:

  • Trace the History of Nigeria
  • Differentiate between the Hausas, Fulani, Kanuri, and Nupe
  • Understand the Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, Itsekiri, and Ijaw Cultures
  • Point out cultural areas within Nigeria
  • Know the zones within Nigeria
  • Explain Nigerian economic system before, during, and after colonization
  • Discuss the rights and duties of a citizen
• Nigeria is situated between latitudes 40oN and 14oN and longitude 30oE and 14oE of the Greenwich meridian
• Nigeria is bounded by the Republic of Benin (west), Republic of Niger (north), Lake Chad (northeast), Republic of Cameroun (east), and the Atlantic Ocean (south)
• Nigeria has a total area of 923,768km2, with a population of about 167 million people (NPC, 2012)
• The major religion in Nigeria is Christianity and Islam, with a variety of ethnic groups and languages within the country
• The vegetation in Nigeria changes from tropical rainforest in the south to savannah grassland in the north
• Desert encroachment and desertification have become serious environmental problems in the northernmost states of Nigeria since the 1970s