SKELETAL 3.1: Classification and Structure of Bones

• skeletal system acts as an internal scaffold
• skeletal system provides attachment for muscles which operates a system of levers (or bones) for movement
• skeletal system acts as a storage for essential minerals like calcium and phosphate
• skeletal system is able of haemopoiesis that forms bone marrow that will produce red blood cells
• the skeleton can be divided into two main types: axial and appendicular
• yellow bone marrow means the animal is old
• types of long bones: Long bones, Short bones, Flat Bones Irregular bones, and Special types of bones
• long bones are longer than they are wide
• special types of bones: Sesamoid bones, Pneumatic bones, and Splanchnic
• short bones are about as long as they are wide
• this is the type of bone that have marrow cavity?

  long bones
• what is another classification of long bones?

  aberrant long bones
• example of aberrant long bones?

  ribs
• what type of bones are metacarpus / metatarsus, and phalangeas?

  long bones
• what are the bones that are example of short bones?

  carpals and tarsals
• what are the bones that are example of flat bones?

  scapula, pelvic bones, and skull bones
• flat bones - have two plates of compact bone with a spongy bone in between. it doesn't have marrow cavity but have small, irregular marrow spaces
• irregular bones - have similar structure to short bones but less uniform in shape

  - lie in the midline and are unpaired
• what are the example of irregular bones?

  vertebrae, and some parts of the skull
• what are the example of sesamoid bones?

  patella, pisiform, and fabella
• what are the only example of splanchnic bone in dogs?

  os penis
• what is the other term of os penis?

  bachulum
• sesamoid bones - sesame seed-shaped that develops within a tendon and serve to reduce wear and tear
• splanchnic bone - the only bone that is unattached to the rest of the skeleton. it develops in a soft organ
• pneumatic bone - contains air-filled spaces known as 'sinuses' that reduce the weight of the bone
• what are the example of pneumatic bones?

  maxillary and frontal bones
• pneumatic bones are highly present in what animal species?

  avian
• Parts of Long Bones: Compact bone, Cancellous bone, Medullary Cavity, Articular Cartilage
• Regions of Long Bones: epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
• compact bones - the hard, dense outer layer of bones and provides stability and protection to bones
• cancellous bone is the same as?

  spongy bone
• cancellous bone - filled with red bone marrow
• medullary cavity - contains bone marrow
• articular cartilage - made up of hyaline cartilage and will form a joint in contact with adjacent bone
• endosteum - the membrane lining of the inner surface of the bone or the lining membrane of the bone marrow cavity
• periosteum - fibrous membrane that covers the entire surface of bone except the articular cartilage
• axial skeleton - runs from the skull to tip of tail.

  - includes: skull, mandible, vertebrae, and sternum
• appendicular skeleton - includes pectoral and pelvic limb, shoulder, and pelvic girdles
• how many bones does dogs have?

  321
• how many bones in skull and hyoid?

  50