Bio 12 chapter 2 review (2)

• Carbohydrates (H-C-OH) include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
• Lipids (C,H,O) like butter and lard are examples of fats, which are triglycerides
• Proteins (NH3, COOH, R group) like antibodies, enzymes, and hormones have various functions such as structure, catalysts, transport, and defense
• Monosaccharides like glucose provide immediate, quick energy sources, while complex polysaccharides store glucose for later use
• Glucose is a monosaccharide and a primary energy source
• Cellulose provides structural support in the plant cell wall
• Glycogen (more chains of CH than starch) are the major storage form of energy in animal cells
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced in cellular respiration, breaking down glucose and oxygen to release energy used to make ATP
• Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all polysaccharides made up of glucose subunits
• Lipid droplets store lipids such as fats and oils.
• Adenosine triphosphate functions:

  1. Chemical Work: supplies energy for synthesis of macromolecules (polymers)

  2. Transport Work: supplies energy used to pump substances across the plasma membrane

  3. Mechanical Work: supplies energy for processes such as muscle contractions
• Phospholipids form the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of a cell
• Dipeptide is a protein composed of 2 amino acids
• Molecules classifies as carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars) and polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides (quick energy source): glucose, fructose, galactose
• Polysaccharides: Starch (Storage of energy for plants), Glycogen (stored in liver + glucose for animals), Cellulose (structure for cell walls of plants), Chitin (exoskeleton of crabs and natural fiber in fabrics)
• Steroids: Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Cholesterol (precursor of testosterone) consists of 3 hexagon 2 pentagons
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores/transfers genetic info of an organism

  RNA (ribonucleic acid): directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger for DNA and ribosomes to make proteins
• Guanine and Thymine have 3 hydrogen bonds

  Adenine and Thymine have 2 hydrogen bonds
• Polar covalent bond: A covalent bond existing between 2 atoms consisting of unevenly distributed electrons.

  Why is water a polar molecule? Because there is a difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen
• Hydrogen Bond: Polarity within a water molecule causes the hydrogen atoms to attract to the oxygen atoms in other water molecules
• 6 properties of water:

  • Water has a high heat capacity; water temperature changes slowly, so organisms can maintain their normal internal temperatures
  • Water has a high heat of vaporization; when an animal sweats, body heat is used to vaporize the water, cooling the animal
  • Water is a solvent; due to its polarity, water facilitates chemical reactions inside and outside of organisms
  • Water is cohesive and adhesive; this allows water to be a good transport system, like in our liquid blood which is 90% water and transports nutrients and wastes
  • Water has a high surface tension; for example, bugs like water striders can walk on water
  • Frozen water is less dense than liquid water; bodies of water freeze from top-down, allowing life to be possible
• Simple Carbs: Benedict's Solution; (+) blue to orange-red
• Grease spot test: Lipids; (+) translucent
• Biuret Solution: Proteins; (+) blue-violet
• Complex carbs: Lugol's Iodine; (+) orange-black
• 4 classes of macromolecules (elements):

  Proteins: amino acids (NH2) (-COOH), R group

  Lipids: fatty acids (ALWAYS carbon, H, O)

  Carbohydrates: (C6H12O6) monosaccharides = (-H, -OH)

  polysaccharides = glucose subunits

  Nucleic Acids: nucleotides (phosphate group, Pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base)