Ch 2- Data information and management

• *UNDERSTANDING BINARY*

  What are the two states computers understand?

  Power on=I Power off =0
• *BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS*

  Computers use a binary number system consisting of only 1's and 0's
• *BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS*

  Everything that a computer needs to process must be converted into a binary format
• *BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS*

  This format is used for storing numbers, text, images, sound and program instructions
• *BITS AND BYTES*

  • 1 bit = a single 0 or 1
  • 1 byte = 8 bits (1 character of text)
  • 1 nibble = 4 bits or half a byte
  • 1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes
  • 1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 KB
  • 1 GB (gigabyte) = 1024 MB
  • 1 TB (terabyte) = 1024 GB (Hard disk capacity)
  • 1 PB (petabyte) = 1024 TB
  • 1 EB (exabyte) = 1024 PB
  • Kyle Makes Great Tea in Port Elizabeth
• *HUMBLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT*

  How are electrical changes arranged?

  Electrical charges are arranged in different positions to make larger numbers
• *HUMBLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT*

  How do you represent the number 0?

  Store no change
• *HUMBLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT*

  How do you store a 1?

  1 electric charge is placed
• *NEED FOR BINARY*

  Binary (base 2) is the counting system used by electronics
• *NEED FOR BINARY*

  Each binary digit (bit) is either 0 or 1
• *BINARY-2-DECIMAL*

  Binary has base 2 and decimal has base 10, in binary each digit could either be 0 or 1
• *DECIMAL-2-BINARY*

  Look for the closest number on the table of binary results
• *DECIMAL-2-BINARY: METHOD 2*

  You divide it by 2 every time until it is 0 and then look at the remainder from each sum and that’s the binary
• *MOST AND LEAST SIGNIFICANT BITS*

  Left is most significant and right is least significant bit. LSB tells if number is odd (1) or even (0)
• *REPRESENTING LARGE INTEGERS*

  2(power is number of bits)-1=answer
• *HEXADECIMAL*

  Hexadecimal/hex is a number system that uses base 16 and decimal is base 10
• *HEXADECIMAL*

  As we only have 10 digits, it uses 0-9 and then letters A-F and then the 16th place is 10
• *HEX TO DECIMAL*

  Multiply the left hand digit by 16 and then add the units
• *DECIMAL TO HEX CONVERSION*

  • Divide the decimal number by 16 to get the number of 16’s (left hand hex digit)
  • The remainder gives you the units
• *BINARY TO HEX CONVERSION*

  • If the sum has less than 8 bits then add 0’s
  • Take a binary word of 8 bits/organise into 8 bit words
  • Divide into two nibbles of 4 bits per word
  • Convert each nibble into its hex value and re-join
• *HEX TO BINARY CONVERSION*

  Split the two hex characters in binary
• *WHY USE HEXADECIMAL*

  It’s much easier for humans to read and remember, it’s quicker to write or type, there’s less chance of making an error, easy for humans to convert
• *USING HEXADECIMAL*

  • Debugging. Easier to debug if in hex
• *USING HEXADECIMAL*

  • Web design. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is use to create web pages
• *USING HEXADECIMAL*

  • Colour. A colour is defined by the amount of red, green and blue it contains
• *USING HEXADECIMAL*

  • MAC addressing. A MAC address is used to identify network enabled devices
• *ASCII*

  ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• *ASCII*

  • Used to store characters
  • (Table of conversions is printed out in folder)
  • First half (3 digits) then second half (4 digits)
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Compressed

  Explanation: Combine and compress different file types into 1 file

  Applications: WinRAR, WinZip, 7-zip

  Extensions: .zip .rar .7z
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Text

  Explanation:

  • Test files (.txt) only store text.
  • Rich-text format files (.rtf) can save more info (including bold, italics, font size, font colour, images, drawings)
  • Comma separated value files (.csv) can be used to store tables of info and text
  • Hypertext Markup Language file (.html) stores text, text references to other external files (e.g. images, videos)

  Applications: Notepad, Notepad++

  Extensions: .txt .rtf .csv .html
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Database

  Explanation: To store data in an organised way

  Application: Microsoft Access and LibreOffice Base

  Extension: .mdb .accdb
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Spreadsheet

  Explanation: Stores info in a large table

  Application: Microsoft Excel, Google sheets, LibreOffice Calc

  Extension: .xls .xlsx .ods
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Presentation

  Explanation: Stores information using slides that can be shown one after the other

  Application:

  • Microsoft Powerpoint
  • Google slides
  • LibreOffice Impress

  Extension: .ppt .pptx .odp
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Word processing

  Explanation: Store formatting info that is more complex

  Application: Google docs, Microsoft word, LibreOffice Writer

  Extension: .doc .docx .odt
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Image

  Explanation: Photos taken by a camera or pictures created using software like Microsoft Paint or Adobe Photoshop are often saved in one of these formats. The difference between these formats is how the raw data is stored and how the image is compressed

  Application: Microsoft paint, adobe photoshop

  Extension:

  • .bmp (bitmap image)
  • .gif (graphics interchange format)
  • .jpeg / .jpg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
  • .png (portable network graphics)
  • .tiff (tagged image file format)
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Video

  Explanation: A video that is streamed is still downloaded to your computer. Once you have watched the video, its automatically removed from your computer. This means that downloading and streaming a video uses the same amount of data from your internet service provider (ISP)

  Application: Microsoft media player

  Extension:

  • .avi (audio video interleave)
  • .flv (Flash video format)
  • .mov (QuickTime file format)
  • .mp4 (Moving Picture Experts Group 4)
  • .webm (WebM)
  • .wmv (Microsoft Windows media video)
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Audio

  Explanation: Audio files are usually compressed before they are stored on a computer

  Application: Microsoft media player

  Extension:

  • .aac (advanced audio coding)
  • .flac (free lossless audio codec)
  • .mp3 (Moving Picture Experts Group layer 3 audio)
  • wma (Microsoft Windows media audio)
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Animation

  Explanation: Animation files are files showing moving images (Both these formats create animations, they are very different. GIF animations show normal GIF images one after the other to create the animation, while SWF files use programming to

  move shapes on the screen, creating an animation)

  Application: Media player, Adobe Animate, Flash

  Extension: .gif (graphics interchange format) and .swf (small web format)
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Font

  Explanation: Fonts change the way the characters are written

  Application: Microsoft office

  Extension: .fnt .pfb .otf
• *TYPES OF FILES*

  Source code

  Explanation: Source code files contain instructions to create a computer program. The file extensions of source code files are used to tell programmers which programming language the files are written in

  Application: None

  Extention:

  • .c (C/C++ file)
  • .pas (Delphi)
  • .java (Java file)
  • .js (JavaScript)
  • .py (Python)