Respiration

• Respiration is the process by which energy is released from glucose in a catabolic reaction
• Aerobic respiration consists of three stages: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an energy-carrying molecule found in all cells, and energy is released when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, requiring ATP for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy-investment phase
• The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and involves controlled reactions with intermediates like citrate, oxaloacetate, and NADH
• In the electron transport chain, electrons move from high to low concentration by diffusion through ATP synthase, providing energy for H+ to move by active transport, ultimately leading to ATP production