Chapter Seven

• Urinary system


  Removes wastes from the body by constantly filtering blood, maintaining a proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in body fluids, and removing excess fluids from the body.
• Urea


  Major waste product of protein metabolism, which is filtered by the kidney and used in some diagnostic tests to determine the health status of the kidneys.
• Homeostasis


  Stable internal environment
• Home/o


  Unchanging
• Urin/o and ur/o


  Urine or pertaining to the urinary organs
• Retroperitoneally


  Located behind the lining of the abdominal cavity or outside the peritoneal cavity. Where the kidneys are
• Ren/o and nephr/o


  Kidney
• Cortex


  The outer layer of the kidney, contains the majority of the nephron
• Cortic/o


  Outer regions, used to describe the outer region of many organs
• Medulla


  The inner layer of the kidney, contains the majority of the collecting tubules
• Medull/o


  Middle or inner portion, used to describe the middle or inner portion of many organs
• Nephron


  The functional unit of the kidney. Consists of the glomerulus, Bowmann's/glomerular capsule, a proximal convoluted tubule, and a collecting duct. Form urine through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
• Glomerulus


  Cluster of capillaries that filter blood. Surrounded by the Bowmann's capsule
• Glomerul/o


  Means to wind into a ball, which is what the glomerulus looks like microscopically
• Glomeruli


  Multiple glomerulus
• Bowmann's capsule


  Cup shaped structure that contains the glomerulus
• Renal corpuscle


  The glomerulus and Bowmann's capsule together
• Proximal convoluted tubes


  Hollow tubes located between Bowmann's capsule and loops of Henle that are involved in reabsorption
• Loop of Henle


  U shaped turn in the convoluted tubule of the kidney located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that is involved in reabsorption. Has an ascending and descending loop
• Distal convoluted tubules


  Hollow tubes located between the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules that are involved in secretion
• Collecting tubules


  Hollow tubes that carry urine from the cortex to the renal pelvis
• Renal pelvis


  The area of the kidney where the nephrons collect urine before it enters the ureters
• Pyel/o


  Renal pelvis
• Calyces


  Irregular cup like spaces that collect urine from the kidneys
• Calyx


  Singular form of calyces
• Hilus


  The point of attachment of the renal blood vessels, nerves, and ureter. Located on the medial surface of the kidney and gives some kidneys a bean shape.
• Distal


  Farthest from the midline
• Proximal


  Closest to midline
• Convoluted


  Rolled or coiled
• Ascending


  Moving upward or cranially
• Descending 


  Moving downward and caudally
• Ureters


  A pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
• Ureter/o


  Ureter
• Trigone


  Where the ureters enter the urinary bladder. Usually a triangular portion at the base of that organ where the three angles are marked by the two ureteral openings and one urethral opening
• Urinary bladder


  A singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine
• Cyst/o


  Urinary bladder
• Excretion, elimination, and voiding


  Elimination of a substance and can be used in other body systems
• Urination


  Elimination of urine from the body
• Micturition


  Elimination of urine from the body, but it implies voluntary control of the sphincter muscles of the urinary tract. This is learned and implies a more intelligent form of animal life.
• Urethra


  A tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In females, it only transports urine, but in males, it transports urine from the urinary bladder and reproductive fluids from the reproductive organs out of the body.