Digestive System

• Ingestion is taking in nutrients
• Digestion is the process of breaking down foods
• The two ways of breakdowns are physical and chemical
• Egestion is the removal of undigested waste
• The mouth chews and mixes food with saliva
• The larynx is also known as the voice box
• The esophagus directs food from the mouth to the stomach
• Small intestines secrets enzymes that digests molecules
• Large intestines absorbs water
• The rectum stores waste
• The anus eliminates waste
• The salivary glands secretes starch-digesting enzymes and moistens food
• The liver produces bile
• The gall bladder stores bile
• The pancreas produces amylase, protease and lipase and releases them into the small intestines
• The food in the mouth turns into bolus
• The teeth uses mechanical digestion and creates a greater surface area for enzymatic reactions
• Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller particles and turns into disaccharide
• Peristalsis is what pushes the bolus toward the stomach
• The sphincter controls the passage of the materials with smooth circular muscle
• The esophageal sphincter controls movement of food between the esophagus and the mouth
• The pyloric sphincter controls the opening to the stomach to the esophagus
• The stomach stores food, churns and releases enzymes
• Rugae folds the inner stomach lining and increases surface area for reactions
• Gastrin increases acid production
• Rennin coagulates milk protein and slows down milk digestion
• Chyme is a substance produced by the stomach
• The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum are the three parts of the small intestines
• Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), enterokinase, and peptidase are the three enzymes found in the duodenum
• Absorption is the process of when the digested nutrients are absorbed in the rest of the small intestine
• Villi increases surface area absorption
• Absorption with blood capillaries happen through ATP of amino acids and monosaccharides
• Absorption with lacteals happen through passive transport of fatty acids and glycerols
• The large intestine reabsorbs water and salts
• Fats and oils form when one glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acids molecules
• A saturated fatty acid does not have a double covalent bonds between its carbon atoms and contains hydrogen atoms only
• An unsaturated fatty acid has double bonds between some of its carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms