CEPC

• Civil Engineering Structures include buildings, highways, railways, bridges, industrial facilities, power, water supply, irrigation, drainage systems, and farm-to-market roads
• Civil Engineering Materials encompass soil, aggregates (fine and coarse), cement, mortar (masonry), concrete, reinforcing and structural steels, bitumen, bituminous materials, wood, plastics, polymers, geosynthetics, etc.
• Basis for Selection of Materials:

  • Strength
  • Serviceability
  • Aesthetics
  • Cost
  • Environment
• Properties of Engineering Materials: (1) Physical, (2) Mechanical (stress, strain, stiffness, ductility), (3) Chemical.
• Variability of Materials includes variability in composition, properties, processing, and testing
• Equipment and Apparatus in Material Testing:

  • Sieve: instrument with a mesh or perforated bottom used to separate coarse from fine materials of loose matter
• Concrete Mixer: device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregates such as sand and gravel, and water to form concrete
• Slump Cone Set: instruments used in slump test to determine the desired water-cement ratio in concrete mixture
• Concrete Molds: designed for specific needs like cylindrical mold for compression test and concrete beam molds for flexural test
• Universal Testing Machine (UTM): capable of performing tensile, compressive, and flexural tests
• Rebound Hammer: non-destructive testing apparatus measuring the rebound of a spring-driven mass after impact with a concrete surface
• Standard Specification defines material properties or performance indices in terms of limits using a specified method
• Standard Test Method describes how a test should be conducted, including PNS, ASTM, ISO, and AASTHO standards
• Physical properties of materials are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the material, including density, specific gravity, water absorption, permeability, fire resistance, weathering resistance, and durability
• Density of a material is defined as the mass per unit volume, represented as the ratio of mass with volume, denoted by "ρ"
• Specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its density with respect to the density of water at 4°C, sometimes called relative density
• Water absorption is the capacity of a material to absorb and retain water, expressed as the ratio between the weight of water absorbed by the material and its dry weight, in percent
• Permeability is the ability of a material to permit water to pass through, with dense materials like glass metals being impervious materials that cannot allow water to pass through
• Fire resistance is the ability of a material to withstand fire without changing its shape and other properties, tested by the combined actions of water and fire
• Weathering resistance is the property of a material to withstand all atmospheric actions without losing its strength and shape, affecting the durability of the material
• Durability is the property of a material to withstand the combined action of atmospheric and other factors, influencing the maintenance cost of the material
• Mechanical properties of materials are determined based on stress-strain behavior when subjected to forces/load, including strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, fatigue, hardness, and creep
• Strength of a material refers to its ability to resist externally applied forces without breaking or yielding, with compressive and tensile strength being important parameters
• Elasticity is the property of a metal to regain its original shape after deformation when external forces are removed, following Hooke's Law in the elastic region
• Plasticity is the ability of a metal to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture or failure
• Ductility is the property of a material to draw out into thin wire with the application of a tensile force, measured by percentage elongation and reduction in area
• Brittleness is the property of breaking with little permanent distortion, with brittle materials snapping off without elongation, examples include glass, bricks, and concrete
• Malleability is the ability of materials to be rolled, flattened, or hammered into thin sheets without cracking, required for materials to be forged to their final shape
• Toughness is the ability of a material to withstand bending without fracture due to high impact loads, measured by the amount of energy absorbed after being stressed up to the failure point
• Fatigue is the failure of materials under cyclic loads, occurring when a part is subjected to repeated or fluctuating stresses
• Hardness is the ability of a material to withstand scratching, wear, abrasion, indentation, and penetration by another harder material
• Creep is the slow and permanent deformation of a material when subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time
• STANDARD SPECIFICATION

  Defines the properties or performance indices of material/s in terms of limit/s (maximum, minimum)
• STANDARD TEST METHOD

  Describes how the test should be conducted.

   PNS - Philippine National Standards

   ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

   ISO - International Standardization Organization

   AASTHO - American Association of State Transportation and Highway Officials
• • Sieve Shaker: devices designed to oscillate, tap, or agitate the stack of sieves to facilitate particle separation
• • CBR Test Machine: measures California Bearing Ratio, a strength measure of subgrade soil and highway sub-base and subgrade via a penetration test
• • Los Angeles Abrasion Machine: tests resistance to abrasion in crushed rock, slag, crushed and uncrushed gravel
• • Vicat Apparatus: determines normal consistency and time of setting of Portland Cements
• Mechanical Properties of Materials:

  (1) strength, (2) elasticity, (3) plasticity, (4) ductility, (5) brittleness, (6) malleability, (7) toughness, (8) fatigue, (9) hardness, and (10) creep
• Physical Properties of Materials: (1) density, (2) specific gravity, (3) water absorption, (4) permeability, (5) fire resistance, (6) weathering resistance, and (7) durability