SKELETAL 3.2.1 Skull

• Frontal bone - forms the front aspect of the skull. it has sinuses.
• what process does frontal bone has?

  zygomatic process of the frontal bone
• sphenoid bone  - lies in the ventral aspect of the skull. it's unpaired and the one that forms the floor of the skull
• Parietal bone - forms the dorsal and lateral walls of the skull
• nuchal crest - formed by the parietal and temporal bone
• zygomatic bone - the zygomatic arch projects laterally from the skull forming the cheekbone
• Temporal bone - lies ventral to the parietal bone. its most ventral part forms a round prominence called tymphanic bulla
• temporal fossa - a depression formed from parietal and temporal bone
• occipital bone - lies at the base of the skull caudally and contains foramen magnum, occipital condyle, and jugular or paracodylar process
• foramen magnum - opening through which spinal cord passes into vertebral column
• occipital condyles - articulate with first two cervical vertebrae specifically the atlas
• jugular/paracondylar processes - form the attachment site for digastrus muscles that move the hyoid apparatus
• what kind of protuberance does occipital bone hass?

  external occipital protuberance
• nasal bone - lies in the midline and forms the roof of nasal cavity
• incisive bone / premaxilla - the most rostral part of the skull and carries the incisor teeth
• maxillary bone / maxilla - forms the osseous lateral walls of the face and is the major bone that forms the hard palate
• what are the bones the forms hard palate?

  Incisive bone, maxilla, palatine bone
• what foramen does the maxilla have?

  infraorbital foramen
• lacrimal bone - houses the eye
• lacrimal fossa - found in the lacrimal bone for tears
• palatine bone - bone that forms the roof of the mouth (hard palate) together with incisive, and maxillary bone
• palatine fissure - the one that separates the nasal and oral cavity
• pterygoid bone - forms part of the lateral walls of the air passageway to the soft palate
• what are the two parts of the mandible?

  Body and Ramus
• mental foramina - where nerves supply the lower teeth. it's found on the lateral aspect of the mandible
• mandibular foramen - located on the medial aspect of the mandible
• masseteric fossa - depression on the ramus of the mandible
• coronoid process - great protrusion in the ramus of the mandible (Upper process)
• mandibular notch - a u-shaped notch in between the coronoid and condyloid process
• condyloid process - an articulating depression that attached to the temporal bone forming temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ)
• to what bone attached the hyoid apparatus?

  temporal bone
• hyoid apparatus holds the tongue and larynx in place
• hyoid apparatus: Stylohyoid, Epihyoid, Ceratohyoid, Basihyoid, and thyrohyoid
• Stylohyoid articulates rostrally with the epihyoid and with the styloid process of temporal bone
• stylohyoid - is the largest hyoid and is called as the 'great cornua'
• epihyoid - situated between stylohyoid and ceratohyoid. called as the middle cornua
• ceratohyoid - located between epihyoid and basihyoid. called as the 'small cornua'
• basihyoid - the only unpaired hyoid apparatus and considered as a base
• thyrohyoid - articulates with the larynx
• what is the average shape of skull in dogs?

  mesaticephalic