Lesson 3

• A C++ program is a collection of text that commands a computer to perform algorithms
• Programming Language: Set of rules and syntax used to describe a program
• Low-Level Language: Easily interpretable by computers (e.g., machine language, assembly language)
• High-Level Language: Resembles human language, reduces user awareness of hardware (e.g., C++, Java)
• C++ Language: General-purpose programming language with a bias towards systems programming
• C++ supports data abstraction, is a better C, and supports generic and object-oriented programming
• C++ is case sensitive
• Pre-processor Directive locates the file with code for the <iostream> library
• Main Function is the entry point for program execution
• Curly Braces define the body of the program
• Closing Curly Brace ends a function or method when a value is expected to be returned
• Source Code is written in a high-level language, saved with a .cpp extension
• Preprocessor Directives are statements processed by the preprocessor
• Common header files include <iostream>, <cmath>, <iomanip>
• Compiler checks for syntax errors, translates the source program into machine language
• Linker combines object program with other programs in the library
• Primitive Data Types are built-in or predefined (e.g., int, float, double, bool, char)
• String is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotation marks
• C Strings are one-dimensional arrays of characters, terminated by a null character '\0'
• String Functions:

  • strcat: Concatenates two strings
  • strncat: Concatenates up to n characters of one string onto another
  • strcmp: Compares two strings lexicographically
  • strcpy: Copies one string into another
  • strncpy: Copies up to n characters of one string into another
  • strlen: Returns the length of a string
• Function is a block of code defined to perform a specific task
• Array is a collection of items stored at continuous memory locations
• Pointers are symbolic representations of addresses, enabling call-by-reference and dynamic data manipulation
• Abstract Data Types are user-defined data types (e.g., class, structure, union, enumeration)
• Operators are symbols denoting calculation, relationship, comparison, and operations on operands
• Constant is a memory location with unchangeable content during program execution
• Identifiers consist of letters, digits, and underscores, must start with a letter or underscore
• C++ Statements include declaration statements used to declare variables and executable statements that perform calculations, manipulate data, create output, accept input, etc
• Output Stream is the flow of bytes from main memory to display, while Input Stream is the flow of bytes from the keyboard to main memory
• Escape Sequences are special characters modifying output format
• Expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators
• Casting is explicit type conversion using static_cast
• Visualize the problem using a flowchart, translate into pseudocodes, and write equivalent C++ codes for each pseudocode