Orgchem lec

• Organic Chemistry Definition:

  • Branch of chemistry dealing with compounds containing carbon
  • Compounds can be produced by living or non-living organisms
• History of Organic Chemistry:

  • Originated from ancient medicine practices
  • Defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800s by Jon Jacob Berzelius
  • Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea challenged Vitalism theory
• Carbon Cycle:

  • Cycle by which plants and animals produce and consume organic compounds
  • Begins and ends with carbon dioxide, water, and energy
• Allotropy:

  • Refers to an element or substance assuming two or more different stable forms or structures
  • Reasons for allotropy: different number of atoms in molecules, different arrangements of atoms or molecules in a crystal
• Diamond is a non-conductor of electricity, the best conductor of heat, and is used for cutting, drilling, grinding, and as a long-lasting phonographic needle
• 1. orbitals are areas around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely found, with shapes determined by quantum numbers: n (energy level), l (shape of orbital), and ml (orientation in space)

  
• Electron transfer between sodium and chlorine atoms forms sodium chloride

  
• Graphite is a soft, grayish-black crystalline form, easily crumbled, with a greasy feel, a density of about 2.26 g/cm3, and is a fairly good conductor of electricity
• A dipole is a molecule with two oppositely charged ends, like hydrogen (slightly positive) and chlorine (slightly negative), occurring when electrons are shared unequally

  
• Carbon fibers are formed by combining plastic resins and certain synthetic fibers with graphite, being less dense than steel but stronger and stiffer, used in aircraft components, sporting goods, and satellites
• Buckminsterfullerene consists of carefully arranged hexagonal and pentagonal rings, resembling a soccer ball, named after architect Buckminster Fuller
• Formal charge of an atom in a molecule can be calculated by:

  • (number of valence electrons in the neutral atom) - (number of valence electrons around the atom in the molecule)
  • Or by (group number) - (number of covalent bonds) - (number of lone pairs)

  
• Graphene is extracted from graphite, made of pure carbon, tough, flexible, light, and highly resistant, used in various applications including pencil leads
• Sp hybridization involves an s orbital and a p orbital hybridizing to form two sp hybrid orbitals, with large lobes pointing in opposite directions

  
• Amorphous carbon includes forms like coke, charcoal, boneblack, carbon black, and activated carbon, each with specific properties and uses
• Atoms are the fundamental building units of all substances, entering into chemical combinations to form compounds
• Petroleum, or crude oil, is a black, viscous liquid composed of hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules, converted into various products like gasoline, jet fuel, and petrochemicals
• The atom is neutral due to an equal number of protons and electrons, with a tiny massive positive core (nucleus) and electrons located in orbitals outside the nucleus
• Fractional distillation of crude petroleum produces gas, gasoline, kerosene, gas-oil, wax-oil, wax, and residue like tar and asphalt
• The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, with the atomic number equal to the number of protons and electrons
• Molecules result from bonding atoms together by sharing electrons, with chemical bonds being forces of attraction holding atoms together to form stable compounds
• Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas involved in respiration processes, while carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that is poisonous due to its affinity for hemoglobin molecules
• Chemical bonds involve the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms, with ionic bonds involving complete electron transfer and covalent bonds involving electron sharing
• Carbon dioxide is prepared by various methods including burning carbon-containing materials and reacting steam with natural gas, with uses like photosynthesis and as a refrigerant
• Carbon monoxide is prepared by reducing carbon dioxide and has uses as a reducing agent, fuel, and in the synthesis of organic compounds
• Formal charge of an atom in a molecule can be calculated by subtracting the number of valence electrons around the atom from the number in the neutral atom

  
• Sp hybridization involves combining an s orbital and a p orbital to form two sp hybrid orbitals, with large lobes pointing in opposite directions

  
• Alkanes are acyclic hydrocarbons with a general formula of CnH2n+2, with the first four members being methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10)

  
• Hydrocarbons can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic types, with aliphatic further categorized into saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes)

  
• Benzene, a common aromatic hydrocarbon, has a chemical structure of a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with one hydrogen attached to each carbon, represented by the formula C6H6

  
• The lowest sum rule is used for assigning R and S configuration to a chiral center
• Alkanes have only single covalent bonds, alkenes contain at least one C-C double bond, and alkynes contain a C-C triple bond
• Saturated hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon bonds as single bonds, while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms
• IUPAC rules are used to name organic compounds, with the naming based on the length of the longest carbon chain, the type of bonds between carbon atoms, and the functional groups present
• The first four members of the homologous series of alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10)

  
• Hydrocarbons can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic types; aliphatic hydrocarbons further divide into saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes)

  
• Alkanes are acyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the chain
• Alkenes have a double bond and end in -ene, while alkynes have a triple bond and end in -yne
• Naming aliphatic hydrocarbons:

  • Alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
  • Alkenes: ethene, propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, pent-1-ene, pent-2-ene
  • Alkynes: ethyne, propyne, but-1-yne, but-2-yne, pent-1-yne, pent-2-yne
• Naming branched aliphatic hydrocarbons:

  • Example: 2-methyl butane has a butane chain with a single carbon (methyl) branch off the second carbon atom