A lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter.
Pointdefects
Atoms are missing or in irregular places in a crystal lattice.
Vacancy
Simplest type of a point defect.
Another name of vacancy.
Vacancy lattice site
An absence of an atom from its normal location in a perfect crystal structure.
Vacancy
Bonding + Crystalstructure + Defects = Properties
All crystalline solids contain vacancies and it's impossible to create materials without vacancies.
Temperature
Dependence of the equilibrium number of vacancies.
Self-interstitial
An atom from the crystal that is crowded into an interstitial site.
Interstitialsite
Small void space that under ordinary circumstance is notoccupied.
Interstitial site
Exists in very small concentrations, lower than vacancies.
Interstitial site
In metals it introduces relatively large distortions in the surrounding lattice because the atom is substantially larger than the interstitial position in which it is situated.
Impurities
Another name of a foreign atom.
Impurities.
Atoms which are different from the host atoms.
In pure metals, impurity or foreign atoms will always be present, some will exist as crystalline point defects; no only one type of atom.
Alloy
Deliberate mixture of atoms.
Alloy
Impurity atoms have been intentionally added to impart specific characteristics to the material.
Another term for solid solution.
Second phase
Solid solution
Result of addition of an impurity atom into a metal, depending on the kinds, concentration, and temperature of an alloy.\
Solute
Elements/compound in a minor concentration.
Solvent
Element/compound in the greatest amount.
Another term for solvent.
Host atom
Solid solution
Crystal structure must be maintained and no new structure is made. thus making it homogeneous after the mixing of a solute to a host material.
Solidsolution
Contains dispersed impurities.
Solubility
Ability to dissolve.
Liquid solution
Formed when two liquids which are soluble with each other are combined and its composition is homogeneous throughout.
Impurity pointdefects are found in solidsolutions.
Two types of solid solutions
Substitutional and Interstitial
Substitutional solid solution
A solute or impurity atom will replace the host atoms.
Interstitial solid solution
An impurity atom will fill the voids or interstices among the host atoms.
In atomic sizefactor, appreciable quantities of a solute may be accommodated in this type only when the difference in atomic radii between the two atom type is less than about +_15%. Otherwise the solute atoms will create substantial lattice distortions and a new phase will form.
Crystal structure for metals of both atom types must be the same.
The more electropositive one elements and the more electronegative the other, the greater is the likelihood that they will form an intermetalliccompound rather than a substitutional solid solution.
Electronegativities must be compatible.
A metal will have more of a tendency to dissolve another metal with high valency than that of a lower valency.
Metals with highAPF will have interstitial position that is small.
Atomic diameter of an interstitial impurity atom must be substantially smaller than that of the host atoms.
Normally, the maximum concentration of interstitial impurity atom is less than 10%.
Dislocations
Linear/one dimensional defect around which some of the atoms are misaligned.