[11] UCSP - Anthropology, Political Science, Sociology

• Anthropology - from Greek word "anthropos" (humans) and "logos" (the study of); first use was as early as 14th century; study of humans and all aspects of its being including its origin; strives for a comprehensive understanding of what defines humans; includes study of remains (artifacts); explains how humans evolve and got to be the way they are now; studies people concerning human evolution, culture, religion, politics, language, environmental set-ups, practices of people like rituals and ceremonies
• Physical Anthropology or Biological Anthropology - study of humans from the biological perspective; concerns investigating and reconstructing the evolutionary origins of the human species; studies how humans adopt and continuously evolve
• Archaeology - studies human cultures through materials or artifacts of the past; seeks to understand the relationship of the artifacts to the present and future of society
• Anthropological Linguistics - field of study that documents languages in terms of structure, use, and acquisition; use of language in the transmission of culture; studies how language influences the way people think in a specific culture
• Cultural Anthropology - explores the patterns of societies, and its beliefs, practices, and behavior; focuses on the diversity of human societies since we have a diverse culture
• Ethnography - recording and analyzing culture of society based on participant-observation that results in a written account of people, places or institutions; a form of qualitative research that involves participation while observing the daily lives of the people; process of gathering data and writing an output
• Etic Perspective - outsider's view; to understand the culture from the point of view of a non-member of a particular culture
• Emic Perspective - insider's view; one needs to participate and fully integrate into everything about the culture
• Philippines - an archipelago that has a diverse culture
• Multiculturalism - existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultures within a particular country or territory
• Ethnocentrism - Filipinos tend to compare our own culture with other cultures
• Cultural Relativism - no universal standards of culture; all are equal despite our differences
• Henry Otley Beyer - established The University of the Philippines Diliman Department of Anthropology; an ethnologist by the Bureau of Education in 1914; conducted ethnographic researches about Ifugao traditions
• The Wave Migration Theory - about people in the Phillipines; made by Henry Otley Beyer
• Political Science - study of politics; systematic study of governance and policies, political culture and activities, power relations and ideologies; makes use of concepts, frameworks, and theories; study of the nature, causes, and consequences of collecting decisions and actions taken by groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions that structure power and authority; focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics; understanding of institutions, practices, and relations that constitute public life and modes of inquiry that promote citizenship
• David Easton's Political System - a framework for understanding political culture and policymaking
• Comparative Politics - investigates similarities and differences between many political features and systems across various geographies
• International Relations - study of international political economy, international conflict, and foreign policy
• Political Theory - study of the concepts, principles, and arguments that people use and have used to describe, explain, and evaluate political behaviors, actions, and institutions
• Public Law - a major for students planning to use their undergraduate degree as a stepping stone to law school and to careers in law, governance, and civic engagement
• Aristotle - father of political science, concerned himself with determining the best way to organize, govern, and achieve the ends of a state
• Niccolo Machiavelli - formulated his political ideas from his obervations and practice of politics; made The Prince
• The Prince - contained recommendations on how a state must be governed and how power must be acquired and retained by its leader even if its means resorting to cunning and ruthless means
• John Locke - known as one of the renowned social contract theorists whose written works gave prescriptions on how society must be organized and governed; proposed the separation of powers in the government to ensure checks and balances and the importance of selecting a leader through the process of elections
• Samuel Huntington - American political science professor; contributed in concepts of waves of democracy where he related political shifts and changes in the distribution of power among states as triggers for the implementation of democratic reforms
• Sociology - study of society; comes from Latin word "socius" (companion) and Greek work "logos" (study of); study of human social interactions, groups, relationships, social development, processes, and institutions; study of social life, social change, social causes; investigates structure of groups and how people interact within these contexts
• Auguste Comte - Father of Sociology
• Structural Functionalism - treats society as an organism whose parts must work together in order to bring stability to the system; looks at structure of society and how it is established, maintained, and strengthened through the functions fulfilled by its constituents
• Conflict Theory - looks at how different groups in society compete with each other because of scarce resources, unequal social structures, or power and resistance; considers different social categories that may contribute to power struggles and conflict
• Symbolic Interactionism - focuses on how human social interactions exhibit continuous interpretation, assignment of meaning, and responding to signals in the social environment; states our interaction with another person is influenced by our previous experience
• Continuous Interaction - allows entry of new information and social cues, symbols, or meanings which we pick up and use to adjust our current and future social interactions
• Emile Durkheim - proposed an analogy for society as an organism composed of parts; these parts are to function well together in order to maintain stability
• Karl Marx - explains that societies rise and fall due to changes in economic relations referred to as modes of production
• Modes of Production - consists of forces of production (raw materials, tools, buildings) and relations of production (ownership, control, power); brought about by conflicts between the ruling class (capitalists) and lower class (labor)
• Max Weber - explored the shift from traditional values as a main driver of individual actions in society to economic gains as a primary motivation for social action
• Wright Mills - made sociological imagination
• Sociological Imagination - an outlook where we see our individual lives are affected and reflective of the larger social context; using this sociological lens to further understand "society"