FUNDA

• Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development:

  • Chart shows stages from infancy to old age, each with a basic conflict and virtue developed

  
• Erikson's theory: 8 stages of psychosocial development, each with a unique conflict to resolve for healthy development
• Infancy stage: Develop trust in caregivers and the world, relies on consistent caregiving to feel safe and secure
• Toddler stage: Develop independence vs. shame and doubt, overly restrictive parenting may lead to feelings of shame and doubt
• Preschool vs. School Age:

  • Preschool: Initiative - learning how to do things
  • School Age: Industry - learning how to do things well, focusing on mastery or perfection
• Adolescent stage: Develop a coherent sense of self and identity vs. confusion, fear of rejection may lead to isolation and loneliness
• Health Care Delivery System:

  • U.S. healthcare system has 5 levels of care: disease prevention, health promotion, primary, secondary, and tertiary health care
• Tertiary Prevention: Aims to help individuals regain their previous level of health or achieve the highest level of function possible given their current health status
• Assessment phase:

  • First step, collects data about the patient's health status from various sources
• Planning phase:

  • Involves setting specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound goals to address the identified problem
• Health Care Settings and Services:

  • Primary Prevention: Focuses on promoting health and preventing illness before it occurs
• Evaluation phase:

  • Evaluates the patient's response to interventions and the effectiveness of the plan of care
• Secondary Prevention: Involves early detection and intervention to manage or control diseases at their early stages
• Non-Therapeutic Communication:

  • Inappropriate techniques include asking personal questions, giving personal opinions, changing the subject, automatic responses, false reassurance, sympathy
• Nursing Process:

  • Systematic approach to patient care with 5 steps: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
• Diagnosis phase:

  • Analyzes collected data to identify patient's actual or potential health problems
• Implementation phase:

  • Puts the plan of care into action by implementing interventions and strategies
• Therapeutic Communication:

  • Techniques include sharing observations, empathy, hope, humor, feelings, touch, silence, providing information, clarifying, focusing, paraphrasing, summarizing, self-disclosure, confrontation
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development:

  • Chart shows stages from infancy to old age, each centered around a basic conflict
  • Virtues developed at each stage are listed

  
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• The nursing process is a systematic approach to patient care consisting of 5 steps:

  1. Assessment: collect data about the patient's health status

  2. Diagnosis: identify nursing diagnoses

  3. Planning: develop a care plan outlining goals and interventions

  4. Implementation: carry out the care plan

  5. Evaluation: assess the effectiveness of the care plan and make changes if needed

  
• Image of a nurse talking to an elderly patient in a hospital bed

  
• Postural abnormalities:

  • Torticollis: stiff neck causing difficulty turning the head
  • Lordosis: inward curve of the lower back
  • Kyphosis: outward curve of the upper back causing a hunchback
  • Scoliosis: sideways curvature of the spine
• Body Mechanics:

  • Involves proper posture and movement techniques to prevent injury
  • Reduces the risk of musculoskeletal injuries like strains and sprains
  • Used by nurses to lift, transfer, and position patients safely
• Positions:

  • Supine: lying on the back with body horizontal
  • Prone: lying face or chest down
  • Side Lying: resting on the side with body weight supported by hip and shoulder
  • Sim's: weight on anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle
• Body Temperature Regulation:

  • Hypothalamus acts as the body's internal thermostat
  • Triggers responses to increase heat production in cold weather
  • Initiates mechanisms to promote heat loss in hot weather
• Respiration:

  • Involves ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion
  • Respiratory rate, depth, rhythm, ETCO2, and oxygen saturation are key factors
• Winking face emoji

  
• Person drawing a circle on the ground while another person stands outside of the circle

  
• Image not available

  
• Image showing a person with normal posture and a person with lumbar lordosis

  
• Image of a normal spine and a spine with kyphosis

  
• The nursing process is a systematic, step-by-step approach to patient care used by nurses to identify and address patient needs, develop and implement nursing interventions, and evaluate their effectiveness
• The nursing process consists of five steps:

  1. Assessment: The nurse collects data about the patient's health status, including their medical history, physical examination, and laboratory results.

  2. Diagnosis: The nurse identifies the patient's nursing diagnoses, which are specific statements about the patient's health problems.

  3. Planning: The nurse develops a plan of care for the patient, outlining the goals of care and the interventions to achieve those goals.

  4. Implementation: The nurse carries out the plan of care, providing the necessary care and interventions.

  5. Evaluation: The nurse assesses the effectiveness of the plan of care and makes any necessary changes
• A nurse talking to an elderly patient in a hospital bed

  
• In the nursing process, assessment involves collecting data about the patient's health status, including their medical history, physical examination, and laboratory results
• In the nursing process, diagnosis involves identifying the patient's nursing diagnoses, which are specific statements about the patient's health problems
• In the nursing process, planning involves developing a plan of care for the patient, outlining the goals of care and the interventions to achieve those goals