Cellular Basis of Inheritance and Mendelian Inheritance

• Chromosomes are long DNA molecules containing many genes, which are the instructions for making proteins

  
• DNA is the basic unit of heredity in living organisms, with a double helix structure made up of nucleotides adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

  
• Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes simplex virus infections and prevent severe chickenpox, working by interfering with the replication of the herpes virus

  
• A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence, potentially impacting the structure or function of the resulting protein

  
• Insertions and deletions are common types of mutations, where an insertion adds new DNA into the sequence and a deletion removes DNA from the sequence

  
• Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition where males have an extra X chromosome, leading to physical characteristics like small testicles and breast enlargement
• Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, leading to tall stature and various cardiovascular issues
• Genes are the basic physical and functional units of heredity, made up of DNA and containing the information needed for constructing proteins
• The genetic code describes how nucleotide sequences are converted into protein sequences, with each codon coding for a specific amino acid
• Gene mutations can result from changes in DNA that affect genetic information, including point mutations and frameshift mutations
• Sex chromosome abnormalities like Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) and Turner's syndrome (X0) can lead to various physical and reproductive issues
• Mendel's Laws of Inheritance include the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment, explaining how traits are passed from parents to offspring
• Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, and sex-linked traits are variations on Mendel's simple genetic model
• The first step is to determine the genotype of the parents.
• If both parents are heterozygous, there will be three possible phenotypes among their offspring (1/4 dominant homozygote, 2/4 heterozygotes, 1/4 recessive homozygote).
• If one parent is homozygous dominant and the other is heterozygous, all offspring will have the same phenotype as the dominant parent.
• If both parents have the same genotype, then all their children will also have this genotype.
• If one parent has the dominant trait and the other has the recessive trait, then all their children will have the dominant trait.
• Animal Genetics is the principles of inheritance in animals
• Animal Breeding is the application of genetic principles in the improvement of livestock and poultry
• Qualitative Genetics (Modes of Inheritance)- predict progeny phenotypic distribution based on parental genotypes
• Quantitative Genetics (Assessing genetic merit)- describe traits with statistics to predict next record, genetic merit, response to selection