cell structure
Cards (10)
- All living organisms are made of cells, with humans made up of eukaryotic cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells includes:
- Nucleus with chromatin and a nucleolus
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) for protein folding and processing
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) for lipid production
- Golgi apparatus for protein and lipid processing and lysosome production
- Mitochondria for respiration
- Centrioles for cell division
- Ribosomes for protein production
- Lysosomes for digestion
- Cell surface membrane for controlling what enters and exits
- Cilia for movement and microvilli for increased surface area
- In plant cells, additional structures include:
- Vacuole for storage and support
- Cell wall made of cellulose for strength
- Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Plasmodesmata for cell communication
- Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have:
- Cell wall, capsule, plasmid, flagellum, pili, ribosomes, and mesosomes
- They are unicellular, smaller in size, lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, and have smaller ribosomes (70S)
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid enclosed in a capsid, sometimes with a phospholipid envelope
- Microscopy is crucial in biology, with magnification indicating the size difference between the microscope image and the real object, and resolution being the smallest interval measurable
- Sample preparation for microscopy involves fixation, dehydration, staining, and mounting
- Two types of microscopes are light microscopes (lower magnification and resolution) and electron microscopes (higher magnification and resolution, but more expensive)
- Rules for scientific drawings include using a sharp pencil, drawing continuous lines, using plain white paper, labeling without arrowheads, and stating the magnification
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide derivative synthesized in mitochondria and chloroplasts, releasing energy when hydrolyzed to form ADP and a phosphate molecule