metabolism

• metabolism


  All chemical reactions that take place in cells, and therefore, in the organisms of which the cells are a part of

  it is concerned with maintaining a balance between energy release and energy utilisation
• catabolic metabolism - catabolism 


  reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

  energy is released
• anabolic metabolism - anabolism


  reactions in which small molecules are built into larger ones

  energy is required
• nutrients

  any substance in food that is used for growth, repair or maintaining the body (any substance required for metabolism)
• organic compounds

  molecules that have a carbon chain and a certain number of hydrogen atoms. May include oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
• carbohydrates


  organic molecules that are the main source of energy for cells
• monosaccharides 


  simple sugars that are used in cellular respiration to release energy

  
• disaccharides


  two simple sugar molecules bonded together

  
• polysaccharides 


  larger carbohydrate molecules formed when many simple sugars join together

  they are broken down to simple sugars

  
• lipids


  large organic molecules made up of fatty acids and glycerol

  glycerol can enter the glycolysis pathway of cellular respiration and is broken down to release energy

  
• proteins


  organic compounds made up of many amino acids
• amino acids 


  molecule that contains an amino group and a carboxylic acid group
• peptide bond


  bond formed when two amino acids bond together

  releases a water molecule
• dipeptides


  shorter length amino acids with two amino acids joined
• polypeptide


  more than 10 amino acids
• nucleic acid structure

  very large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• inorganic compounds


  not based on a carbon chain

  most do not contain carbon atoms at all, but those that do (e.g. CO2), are small molecules
• water


  important in metabolism because it is the fluid in which other substances are dissolved

  some chemical reactions occur in water

  water molecules sometimes take part in reactions
• minerals


  important for metabolism because they may be a part of enzymes

  may function as cofactors for enzymes

  may be a part of substances such as adenosine triphosphate that are involved in metabolism
• vitamins


  acts as coenzymes for many chemical reactions
• example of monosaccharides

  glucose, fructose, galactose
• example of disaccharides 


  sucrose, maltose, lactose
• six groups of nutrients

  water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins
• what carbohydrates are made of

  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen
• example of catabolism


  digestion
• example of anabolism

  protein synthesis
• example of polysaccharides

  glycogen, cellulose, starch
• lipid structure


  consists of one molecule of glycerol and one, two or three fatty acid molecules
• protein structure

  always contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. often contains sulfur and phosphorus
• nucleic acid example

  ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid
• lipid example

  fats and oils like triglyceride, the most common fat that is stored in body
• nucleic acid


  molecules containing many nucleotides forming a chain
• nucleotide structure

  contains a nitrogen base, sugar and a phosphate