cellular respiration

• cellular respiration


  process by which organic molecules, taken in as food, are broken down in the cells to release energy for the cell's activities
• adenosine triphosphate


  a molecule that stores energy in cells
• how energy is stored in ATP

  energy is stored in the bond between the end phosphate group and the rest of the molecule. this bond is more easily broken than the bond between the other phosphate groups, allowing the energy to be released when needed
• adenosine diphosphate


  the substance formed when the end phosphate group is removed from a molecule of ATP
• glycolysis


  the breakdown of a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; it releases energy to form two molecules of ATP
• anaerobic respiration


  respiration that does not require oxygen
• aerobic respiration


  respiration requiring oxygen
• oxygen debt


  extra oxygen required, in addition to the normal resting requirement, to remove the lactic acid produced during exercise
• recovery oxygen

  the extra oxygen needed to 'recover' after exercise
• cell activities that need energy

  movement, uptake of materials from surrounding, production and secretion of new chemical compounds
• cellular respiration word equation

  Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + up to 38 ATP molecules
• heat energy

  60% of available energy is released as heat which cannot be used by cells but is important for maintaining the body temperature constant as the body is constantly losing heat to the environment #physics
• how ATP is formed

  ATP is formed when an inorganic phosphate group is joined to ADP
• lactic acid

  formed through fermentation of pyruvate during anaerobic respiration. it is taken by blood to the liver where it recombines with oxygen to form glucose and eventually glycogen, a polysaccharide
• steps of aerobic respiration

  glycolysis

  Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

  Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs/citric acid cycle

  Electron transport system / oxidative phosphorylation
• Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

  a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from pyruvate, the remaining two-carbon structure joins to coenzyme A, no ATP is produced
• Krebs/citric acid cycle

  carbon atoms are released in carbon dioxide, for every acetyl CoA that enters, one molecule of ATP is produced, therefore two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule
• electron transport system

  only stage that uses oxygen, electrons are passed between molecules, resulting in the oxygen molecules forming water. between 26-34 ATP molecules are formed