SAS 10

• Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds serving as primary information-carrying molecules in cells
• Protein synthesis is the process directed by nucleic acids to produce proteins
• DNA is one of the two main classes of nucleic acids
• RNA is the other main class of nucleic acids
• Nucleotide monomers are the building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
• Pyrimidine is a type of nitrogenous base with a single ring
• Purines are a type of nitrogenous base with a double ring
• Nucleosides are combinations of a base with a sugar, forming an N-glycoside
• Nucleotides are phosphate esters of nucleosides
• DNA nucleotides are more stable to acid hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond compared to RNA, making DNA less prone to mutation
• Four types of bases found in RNA molecules:

  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
• The term for a base combined with ribose in RNA is Ribonucleoside (Base + Ribose)
• Ribonucleotides formed by combining bases with ribose and phosphate:

  • Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)
  • Guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP)
  • Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)
  • Uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP)
• 1. What are the names of the ribonucleosides formed by combining bases with ribose?

  Answer: Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytidine, Uridine
• Deoxyribonucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid more stable than RNA, crucial for genetic storage.
• Ribonucleic acid, another class of nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and genetic processes.
• Cytosine (Base)

  
• Thymine

  
• Uracil (Base)

  
• Adenine (Base)

  
• Guanine (Base)

  
• Adenosine (Ribonucleoside)

  
• Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

  
• Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

  
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

  
• Ribonucleoside

  
• Deoxyribonucleoside

  
• Ribonucleotide

  
• DNA:

  • Stores genetic information for protein synthesis
  • Found in the nucleus and mitochondria
• RNA:

  • Functions in the nucleus, cytosol, and mitochondria
• Messenger RNA (mRNA):

  • Transports genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis sites
• Transfer RNA (tRNA):

  • Carries activated amino acids for polypeptide formation
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):

  • Structural component of ribosomes for protein synthesis
• Small nuclear RNA (snRNA):

  • Part of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles
  • Processes immature mRNA into mature mRNA
• RNA in viruses:

  • Acts as the storage of genetic information in viruses like HIV, influenza, and polio