ch 5 bio

• The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, regulating bodily functions like metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood

  
• Exocrine glands secrete products onto the surface of an epithelium, into the lumen of an organ, or into a duct

  
• This image shows the location of endocrine glands in the human body

  
• In a mammary gland, milk is produced in alveoli, transported to the nipple through ducts, and secreted when the baby suckles on the breast

  
• Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling where a cell releases a chemical messenger affecting nearby cells, important in regulating growth, differentiation, and migration

  
• Hormonal communication involves chemical signaling via the release of hormones into the extracellular fluid, diffusing into the bloodstream to elicit responses in target cells
• Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
• Hormones are carried by the blood to specific target cells and tissues that have receptors for each hormone
• Hydrophilic hormones act over brief periods (minutes to hours), while lipophilic hormones act over prolonged periods (days to weeks)
• The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by secreting "releasing hormones" and "inhibiting hormones" that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the pituitary gland
• Ablation of the thyroid gland in young sheep shows symptoms like growth cessation, hypothermia, muscular weakness, and high mortality, affecting development and growth
• Only target organs, like long bones, are affected by the ablation of the thyroid gland
• The ablation of the thyroid gland affects the development and growth of an animal
• German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss is depicted in this image
• Henry George is depicted in this image
• The amygdala, an almond-shaped structure in the brain, is involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
• This image shows a baby sheep, commonly known as a lamb
• This is a photo of a rat
• This image shows the parts of the thyroid gland
• This image is a cross-section of a seminiferous tubule
• This image shows a woman with symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
• This image illustrates the regulation of pancreatic juice secretion
• This image shows the regulation of calcium levels in the body
• The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, regulating bodily functions like metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and mood

  
• Exocrine glands secrete their products onto the surface of an epithelium, into the lumen of an organ, or into a duct

  
• The location of endocrine glands in the human body varies

  
• The thyroid gland is situated at the base of the neck under the larynx and in front of the trachea, releasing T3 and T4 hormones for metabolism and calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels
• The microscopic observation of the thyroid tissue shows numerous follicles highly vascularized, each containing a colloid that is reabsorbed by epithelial cells under the influence of TSH, then resynthesized into T3 and T4 hormones
• Thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism (too little secretion of thyroid hormones) and hyperthyroidism (too much secretion of thyroid hormones)
• The parathyroid glands, attached to the thyroid, produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) responsible for increasing blood calcium levels
• The pancreas, a mixed gland, has exocrine glands that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine glands (Islets of Langerhans) releasing insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels
• Diabetes can result from failures in insulin production (Type I) or insulin receptor proteins on cell membranes (Type II), leading to permanently raised blood glucose levels and various health risks if untreated
• comp ch 2