production

• production management

  deals with decision making related to production processes, so that resulting goods and services are produced according to the specifications, in the amounts and by the schedule demanded, and at minimum cost.
• Design of product

  Consists of form and function.

  • form is concerned with the design, shape, size, and appearance of the product.
  • function is concerned with the working condition.
• Design of production system

  involves the choice of an appropriate production system.

  There are 3 types- job production, process production, and intermittent production.
• Production planning and control (PPC)


  • involves the determination and regulation of production processes.
  • planning is concerned with planning of production activities before the actual operations begin.
  • control is a function of comparing actual production with the pre-determined standards and taking necessary corrective action.
• Selection of Location

  • the choice of location of the factory or plant has an influence on the cost of production.
  • the locational decisions are influenced by cost of land and buildings, transport costs, labour costs, etc
• Plant buildings

  • well-planned buildings help ensure economical and efficient production.
  • buildings should be designed to fit the requirements and capacity of the plant.
  • it should be adaptable to changes in production processes and equipment.
• Layout of plant

  • refers to the arrangement of machines and facilities in the factory.
  • layout should maximise economy and efficiency of operations.
  • an efficient layout permits the most direct and rapid flow of materials to minimise the distance, time, and cost involved in materials handling.
• selection of plant and equipment

  • choice of plant and equipment depends on the scale and quantity of output desired, cost and life of the machine, adaptability of the equipment, availability or technological feasibility of machines, etc.
  • appropriate arrangements must be made for the repairs and maintenance of installed machinery.
• Research and development

  • research implies scientific investigation and analysis to acquire new knowledge.
  • development is concerned with the design and fabrication of new products or processes and testing their usefulness, keeping in mind the requirements of customers.
• Manufacturing


  refers to the actual processing of materials and component parts, to convert them into finished products.
• Quality Control


  • right quality is essential for satisfying the customers and making good sales.
  • example: inspection, control charts, acceptance sampling, ISO certification, etc.