Geography

• A settlement pattern means the shape of a settlement. The shape of early settlements was usually influenced by the surrounding landcape.
• a dispersed settlement pattern is where the buildings are spread out and is often found in upland areas.
• a nucleated settlement pattern is where a lot of buildings are grouped together and is often found in lowland areas;
• a linear settlement pattern is where the buildings are built in lines and is often found on steep hillsides.
• The Central Business District (CBD) - This is in the centre and contains the: shops, offices and public buildings (like museums and hospitals) because it is the most accessible point.
• The Inner-City - In some settlements this area contains abandoned factories and old terraced houses, whilst in others it has been redeveloped by converting empty warehouses Into flats and waste land into parks.
• The Suburbs - These are the residential areas where people who commute into the CBD for work live on housing estates.
• A Hurricane Watch means that the hurricane conditions are possible within a specific location.
• A Tropical Storm Warning means that tropical storm conditions are expected somewhere within the specified area during the next 36 hours.
• Shield volcanoes

  • Gentle slopes, like a shield
  • Made of many layers of a kind of volcanic rock that flows easily when melted
  • The rock is called basalt
  • When it flows out of the vent it forms thin layers sloping away from the crater
  • Some shield volcanoes get to be very large
  • The volcanoes which make up the islands of Hawaii are shield volcanoes
• Cinder cones


  • Made of bits of a kind of volcanic rock called andesite
  • Sometimes there are bits of basalt, too
  • The bits of rock are called cinders
  • They may be tiny, like ash, or larger, like gravel
  • They get blown out of the vent and harden in the air
  • When they land, they pile up around the crater to form a steep cone
  • Cinder cones are often smaller than shield volcanoes
  • They wear away easily
• Composite cones

  • Made of layers of cinders between layers of lava
  • The layers of cinders make the sides steep
  • The layers of hardened lava keep them from wearing away fast
  • Many famous volcanic volcanoes like Mt. St. Helens in the state of Washington are composite cones
• Lava flows