PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

• RESEARCH

  ➢systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand describe, or predict phenomenon.

  ➢Carried out for a specific purpose to answer specific question to solve a particular problem or issue.

  ➢It seeks new knowledge and provides useful information in the form of verifiable data
• Research is derived from the words:

  RE (again)

  SEARCH (examine closely or carefully)
• Importance of Research

  1.THINK – develop critical thinking skills

  2.UNDERSTAND – understand situation

  3.EXPLAIN – explain series of observation

  4.DISCOVER – Expand our knowledge

  5.IMPROVE – improve certain processes
• Accuracy – it must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged.
• Objectiveness - It must deal with facts, note with mere opinions, arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions or conclusions.
• Timeliness – It must work on a topic that is fresh, new and interesting to the present society.
• Relevance - Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving prolems affecting the lives of people in a community
• Clarity- It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct and correct knowledge.
• Systematic - It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
• Characteristics of a RESEARCH

  • ACCURACY
  • OBJECTIVENESS
  • TIMELINESS
  • RELEVANCE
  • CLARITY
  • SYSTEMATIC
• Pure Research - deals with concepts, principle or abstract things. It aims to increase your knowledge about something.
• Applied Research - the intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues. Finding ways to make positive changes in society.
• Descriptive Research - aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture od a person, thing, event, group situation or etc.
• Correlational Research - shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances or agents call
• Explanatory Research - elaborates or explains not just the reason behinf the relationship of two factors but also the ways by which such relationships exists.
• Exploratory Research - to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic.
• Action Research - a type of research studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community or institution for the purpose ob obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system.
• Qualitative Research - requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words than numbers to express the results, inquiry, or investigation about peoples' thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views and lifestyles regarding the objective of the study.
• Quantitative Research - involves measurement of data. It presents research finding referring to the number or frequency of something in a numerical forms.
• Primary Data- obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings etc.
• Secondary Data- have already heen written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes
• Difference between respondents and participants :

  Respondents - they only respond to the questions in the survey; their answers are limited.

  Participants - they participate during interview; they can give many insights on what you need in your research
• Falsification - the act of maneuvering data in such a way that another person will be inclined to believe that said data is true and correct.
• Fabrication - is the act of inventing or making up data and then reporting it as true.
• 5A’s

  attainability

  accessible

  availability

  affordability

  acceptability
• Ethics - set of moral principles that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
• Basic Parts of a Research

  • Research Goal or Result
  • Research Variables
  • Research Locale
• CASE STUDY

  • is a documented study of a particular person, group, institution, or event intended to analyze constructs or themes.• The researcher investigates a bounded system (or a case) over a specified period of time.
• GROUNDED THEORY

  • Strauss and Corbin (1998), defined grounded theory as a qualitative research design in which the researcher generates theories that are “grounded” in data from the field, arising from the actions, interactions, and social processes undertaken by the participants.
• NARRATIVE RESEARCH

  • This approach narrates the life experiences of an individual as told to the researcher or gathered by the researcher from the available documents or materials• as defined by Czarniawska (2004), is a spoken or written 
• PHENOMENOLOGY

  ✓ Refers to the study of phenomena involving human, events, situations, concepts, experiences, or needs.

  ✓ It explore the world of the research participants by learning the meanings of their feelings, thoughts, insights, and perceptions regarding a particular phenomena.

  ✓ Aims to investigate the personal experiences of individuals and then attempts to find common ground between personal experiences of all his or her participant’s response.
• ETHNOGRAPHY

  ✓ is a qualitative research method that aims to gain holistic understanding of a specific group, society, institution, or culture.

  ✓ study the culture of a certain group by immersing themselves in the group.

  ✓ Researchers personally interacts with them on daily basis for a certain period of time and documents their everyday actions, behaviors and experiences.

  ✓ Being “up close and personal”
• Quantitative research - are usually characterized by a numerical measurement which is usually obtained through experimentation or tests.
• Qualitative research - basically answers the questions how, why, or what about a particular phenomenon.