Cell Structure & Microscopy

• What are three ways a substance can move into a cell?

  diffusion & osmosis & active transport
• What is the base of Mitochondria?

  matrix
• What increases the surface area of the Mitochondria?

  cristae
• What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

  protein packaging, modifying from endoplasmic reticulum and then shipped outside the cell
• What is the function of Lysosomes?

  break down and recycle waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances in the cell
• What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

  produce proteins for the rest of the cells to function
• What is the function of Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum?

  lipid synthesis - metabolic processes
• What is the function of Chloroplast?

  photosynthesis
• What does chloroplast contain and what does this do?

  Chlorophyll & absorbs light for photosynthesis
• What is the equation for microscopes?

  eye piece X objective lense
• What happens when magnification increase?

  reduce resolution
• What has stacked membrane arranged in parallel and contains DNA?

  chloroplast
• What other organelles other than the nucleus own DNA?

  mitochondria & chloroplast
• How is rough endoplasmic involved in the production of enzymes?

  rough endoplasmic reticulum contain ribosomes which is involved in protein synthesis
• How do bacteria reproduce?

  binary fission
• What is the first step of Binary Fission?

  dna and plasmids replicate - plasmids replicate many times
• What is the second step of Binary Fission?

  cell elongates & dna moves to opposite poles of cell
• What is the third step of Binary Fission?

  cytoplasm begins to divide & new cell wall forms
• What is the fourth step of Binary Fission?

  cytoplasm divides to produce 2 daughter cells - each contain identical dna loop but can contain different number of plasmid copies
• What is a difference between a fungi cell and a plant cell?

  fungi do not hold chloroplast and fungi cell walls are made of chitin
• Are viruses Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

  neither
• What is the definition of Acellular?

  non-living
• What are the structural differences of viruses that bacteria does not have?

  genetic material & capsid & attachment protein & lipid envelope & reverse transcriptase
• What is the first step of virus replication?

  virus detects host cell by recognising protein marker on its membrane & virus attaches cell using attachment proteins
• What is the second step of virus replication?

  virus injects genetic material into cell
• What is the third step of virus replication?

  cells produces genetical material & reads it creating new viral proteins
• What is the fourth step of virus replication?

  virus leaves cell using some of the cells own membrane to form itself
• What is the structure of an enveloped virus?

  surrounded by matrix protein; surrounded by envelope derived from host cell - attachment proteins surface
• What is the equation for magnification?

  image size = actual size X magnification
• What is another name for a light microscope?

  optical
• What are the two types of electron microscopes?

  transmission & scanning
• What is the conversion for nm and micro-metre from mm?

  1mm = 1000 micro-metre & 1 micro-metre = 1000nm
• What is the difference between Transmission and Scanning microscopes?

  transmission = better resolution & scanning = 3D image and lower resolution
• What is happening in a Transmission microscope?

  beam of electrons over surface; electron reflected off surface of specimen
• What is happening in a Scanning microscope?

  pass beam of electrons through specimen; electrons pass through specimen detected on a fluorescent screen on which the image is displayed
• What type of cut the specimen is needed for Transmission electron microscopes to work?

  Ultrathin slices
• What are advantages of an Optical microscope?

  easier to understand & specimens can be both alive and dead & images can be coloured
• What are disadvantages of an Optical microscope?

  low resolution & lack of detail of organelles & depth of field restricted & species must be stained with coloured ink
• What are advantages of an Electron microscope?

  high resolution & higher magnification & large samples viewed & large depth of field
• What are disadvantages of an Electron microscope?

  specimen must be dead & complicated, artefacts can be introduced & black and white images & no oxygen due to it being a vacuum