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BIOCHEMISTRY
AA 3
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Cards (37)
How are amino acids classified?
As
glucogenic
,
ketogenic
, or both
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What do glucogenic amino acids provide for the body?
Carbon for
glucose synthesis
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What do ketogenic amino acids form?
Ketone bodies
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Which amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Isoleucine
,
tryptophan
,
phenylalanine
,
tyrosine
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Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?
Leucine
and
lysine
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What are the amino acids that form pyruvate?
Glycine
Serine
Cysteine
Alanine
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How does alanine form pyruvate?
By losing its amino group through
transamination
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What process does cysteine undergo to yield pyruvate?
Transamination
and
desulfurization
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What enzyme converts serine to pyruvate?
Serine dehydratase
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How is glycine converted to serine?
By reacting with
methylenetetrahydrofolate
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What can glycine be oxidized to?
CO2
and
ammonia
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What does tryptophan catabolism yield?
Alanine
and
acetoacetyl CoA
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How is threonine mainly converted?
To
glycine
via
threonine aldolase
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What amino acids form oxaloacetate?
Aspartate
Asparagine
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How is aspartate formed from asparagine?
By losing its
amide
nitrogen as
NH4+
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What amino acids form α-ketoglutarate?
Glutamate
Glutamine
Proline
Arginine
Histidine
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How is glutamate converted to α-ketoglutarate?
By
transamination
or
oxidative deamination
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What does glutamine hydrolyze to?
Glutamate
and
ammonia
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How is proline oxidized?
To
glutamate
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What does arginine form when cleaved by arginase?
Urea
and
ornithine
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How is histidine converted to glutamate?
By forming
Formiminoglutamate
(FIGlu)
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What amino acids form succinyl CoA?
Methionine
Threonine
Valine
Isoleucine
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What does methionine provide for synthesis?
Methyl groups
for various compounds
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What does homocysteine form when accepting a methyl group?
Methionine
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What does threonine convert to during catabolism?
NH4+
and
α-ketobutyrate
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What do valine and isoleucine generate?
Propionyl CoA
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What amino acids form fumarate?
Aspartate
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
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How is phenylalanine converted to tyrosine?
By
hydroxylation
catalyzed by
PAH
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What does tyrosine convert to?
Homogentisic acid
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What amino acids form acetoacetate?
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Leucine
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What does leucine degrade to?
Acetoacetate
and
acetyl-CoA
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What does tryptophan yield during catabolism?
Alanine
and
acetoacetyl CoA
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How is lysine unusual in its catabolism?
Neither of its amino groups undergoes transamination
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What are the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
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Where are BCAAs primarily catabolized?
In
peripheral
tissues, particularly muscle
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What initiates the degradation of BCAAs?
A transamination followed by oxidative decarboxylation
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What is the role of α-keto acid dehydrogenase in BCAA degradation?
Catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation
Involved in transamination
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