AA 3

Cards (37)

  • How are amino acids classified?
    As glucogenic, ketogenic, or both
  • What do glucogenic amino acids provide for the body?
    Carbon for glucose synthesis
  • What do ketogenic amino acids form?
    Ketone bodies
  • Which amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?
    Isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine
  • Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?
    Leucine and lysine
  • What are the amino acids that form pyruvate?
    • Glycine
    • Serine
    • Cysteine
    • Alanine
  • How does alanine form pyruvate?
    By losing its amino group through transamination
  • What process does cysteine undergo to yield pyruvate?
    Transamination and desulfurization
  • What enzyme converts serine to pyruvate?
    Serine dehydratase
  • How is glycine converted to serine?
    By reacting with methylenetetrahydrofolate
  • What can glycine be oxidized to?
    CO2 and ammonia
  • What does tryptophan catabolism yield?
    Alanine and acetoacetyl CoA
  • How is threonine mainly converted?
    To glycine via threonine aldolase
  • What amino acids form oxaloacetate?
    • Aspartate
    • Asparagine
  • How is aspartate formed from asparagine?
    By losing its amide nitrogen as NH4+
  • What amino acids form α-ketoglutarate?
    • Glutamate
    • Glutamine
    • Proline
    • Arginine
    • Histidine
  • How is glutamate converted to α-ketoglutarate?
    By transamination or oxidative deamination
  • What does glutamine hydrolyze to?
    Glutamate and ammonia
  • How is proline oxidized?
    To glutamate
  • What does arginine form when cleaved by arginase?
    Urea and ornithine
  • How is histidine converted to glutamate?
    By forming Formiminoglutamate (FIGlu)
  • What amino acids form succinyl CoA?
    • Methionine
    • Threonine
    • Valine
    • Isoleucine
  • What does methionine provide for synthesis?
    Methyl groups for various compounds
  • What does homocysteine form when accepting a methyl group?
    Methionine
  • What does threonine convert to during catabolism?
    NH4+ and α-ketobutyrate
  • What do valine and isoleucine generate?
    Propionyl CoA
  • What amino acids form fumarate?
    • Aspartate
    • Phenylalanine
    • Tyrosine
  • How is phenylalanine converted to tyrosine?
    By hydroxylation catalyzed by PAH
  • What does tyrosine convert to?
    Homogentisic acid
  • What amino acids form acetoacetate?
    • Phenylalanine
    • Tyrosine
    • Leucine
  • What does leucine degrade to?
    Acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA
  • What does tryptophan yield during catabolism?
    Alanine and acetoacetyl CoA
  • How is lysine unusual in its catabolism?
    Neither of its amino groups undergoes transamination
  • What are the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?
    • Isoleucine
    • Leucine
    • Valine
  • Where are BCAAs primarily catabolized?
    In peripheral tissues, particularly muscle
  • What initiates the degradation of BCAAs?
    A transamination followed by oxidative decarboxylation
  • What is the role of α-keto acid dehydrogenase in BCAA degradation?
    • Catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation
    • Involved in transamination