MATSCI- ppt 1

• Materials Science and Engineering is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the fundamental relationships between the processing, structure, and properties of materials, developing them for desired technological applications
• Materials have driven societal evolution from the Stone Age to the Silicon and Polymer Ages
• In the Stone Age, people used naturally occurring materials with only changes in shape
• During the Bronze Age, people could modify materials by refining, chemical modifications, and mechanical deformation
• The Iron Age saw the mastery of steel technology, enabling the Industrial Revolution
• In the Silicon Age, commercialization of silicon technology led to the information age
• The Polymer Age began with the discovery, synthesis, and processing of polymers
• Materials Science and Engineering studies help in selecting materials based on cost and performance, understanding material limits, and creating new materials with desirable properties
• Materials Science investigates the relationship between structures and properties of materials, while Materials Engineering designs the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
• Metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites are the main types of materials studied in Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials can be classified based on their chemistries and mechanical properties into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites
• Materials consist of metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, each with unique properties and applications
• Length scales in Material Science range from atomic to macroscopic, each with distinct features and properties
• Atomic structure pertains to atom electron structure and atomic arrangement, including electron structure, atomic bonding, and atomic ordering
• Nanostructure involves clusters of atoms that make up small particles or material features, showing interesting properties due to increased surface area to volume ratio
• Microstructure includes larger features composed of nanostructured materials or periodic arrangements of atoms known as crystals, visible with high magnification in a light microscope
• Macrostructure pertains to collective features on the microstructure level, such as grain flow, cracks, and porosity
• Most engineering materials can be classified into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, each with unique chemistries and mechanical properties
• Metals are familiar objects made of metals and metal alloys, characterized by metallic bonds, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and high strength
• Ceramics are familiar objects made of ceramic materials, characterized by ionic bonding, wear resistance, chemical stability, and high temperature strength
• Polymers are familiar objects made of polymeric materials, characterized by covalent bonding, ductility, low strength, low density, and thermal and electrical insulation properties
• Composites are mixtures of two different materials to create a new material with combined properties, such as being light, strong, and flexible
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common salt composed of sodium and chloride ions arranged in a cubic lattice structure

  
• Hoplites were heavily armed ancient Greek soldiers who fought in close formation with a spear, shield, and helmet, playing a key role in the Greek victory over the Persians

  
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling, commonly in the hands, feet, and wrists, with treatments including medications, physical therapy, and surgery in severe cases

  
• The cause of RA is unknown but is thought to be related to genetic and environmental factors, more common in women aged 40-60
• RA can affect other organs like the heart, lungs, and eyes, with characteristic joint damage seen in X-rays including joint narrowing, bone erosions, and subluxations
• Materials Science involves investigating relationships between processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials, with mechanical, chemical, and optical methods used to test materials
• Mechanical testing provides strength, ductility, and toughness information through tests like tensile, bend, compressive, and fracture testing
• Chemical testing reveals composition and stability, while optical methods like light and scanning electron microscopes show atomic and nano structures
• Stress is force per unit area, strain is length change ratio to original length, important for understanding material behavior under force
• Different materials accommodate force and shape changes differently, highlighting the importance of stress and strain in material testing
• Chemical methods like x-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy, and viewing methods like optical and electron microscopes, are used to analyze materials
• Iron age - Ability to heat treat at high temperature, control microstructure at different length scale and ability to design specific microstructures for specific problem
• Silicon Age - Commercialization of silicon technology (integrated circuits, electronic devices, etc…) leads to the information age, which gives boost to human productivity Ability to control alloying accurately, ability to make thin films
• Polymer Age - Discovery of polymers, and the ability to synthesize and process polymers.
• WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCI. &ENG.?

  • • To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations of cost and performance. • To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties with use. • To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable properties
• structure-property correlations:

  • Materials science involves investigating the relationship between structures & properties of materials
  • Materials Eng. is designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
• functional prospective:

  • The role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials
  • Materials Eng. is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or develop techniques for processing materials
• Types of Materials

  1. Metals- aluminum, iron alloy
  2. Ceramics- clay, quartz
  3. Polymers- Teflon, glue, kevlar
  4. Composites- wood, carbon, concrete