Cellular Respiration

• Fermentation - partial degradation of sugars and other organic fuel that occurs without use of oxygen
• Aerobic respiration - catabolic pathway in which o2 is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel
• Anaerobic respiration - harvest chemical energy without the use of oxygen
• What enzyme causes electrons and protons to be stripped from organic molecules like glucose to be transferred to oxidizing agents like NAD+?

  Dehydrogenase
• Electron transport chain - consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• Where does the electron transport chain occur in aerobic respiration?

  Inner membrane
• What is the stage of cellular respiration wherein sugar is split, oxidized and rearranged to form pyruvate as a product?

  Glycolysis
• What are the two phases of glycolysis?

  Energy investment phase, energy payoff phase
• What is the net energy yield of glycolysis?

  2 ATP; 2 NADH
• What enzymes are involved in the energy investment phase of glycolysis where ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP?

  Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase
• What enzymes are involved in the energy payoff phase in glycolysis where NAD+ is reduced, ATP are formed and pyruvic acid is formed?

  Triose phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglycerokinase, Pyruvate kinase
• What is formed in the complete oxidation of pyruvate?

  Acetyl-CoA
• When succinyl coA is converted to succinate in the Krebs cycle, what is produced?

  ATP
• When succinate is converted to Fumarate, what is produced?

  FADH2
• How many NADH are produced from one turn in the Krebs cycle?

  3
• What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Oxygen
• What are the four main parts of the ATP synthase?

  Stator, rotor, rod, knob
• Chemiosmosis - energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
• Which among fermentation and anaerobic respiration does not require an electron transport chain?

  Fermentation
• What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

  Ethanol, CO2, ATP, NAD+
• What is the direct product of lactic acid fermentation?

  Lactic acid
• obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration
• Facultative anaerobes - can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen which carry out fermentation or respiration
• What are tightly bound to the proteins in the electron transport chain?

  Prosthetic groups
• What is the final electron carrier in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  cyt a3