other

• Development - a change which brings abut improvement to a country
• Standard of Living - the factor that affects a persons' quality of life and can be measured
• Quality of life - the happiness, well-being and satisfaction of a person
• Development gap - the difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest in a country
• HICs:

  • Europe
  • North America
  • Australia
  • Japan
• LICs:

  • Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Ethiopia
  • other African countries
• BRICS:

  • Brazil
  • Russia
  • India
  • China
  • South Africa
• MINT:

  • Malaysia
  • Indonesia
  • Nigeria
  • Turkey
• Ways to measure development:

  1. birth rate
  2. income
  3. literacy rate
  4. death rate
  5. education
  6. diet
  7. access t safe drinking water
  8. number of doctors
  9. Life expectancy
  10. Infant mortality
• GNI - total value of goods and services provided by a country plus money earned from and paid to other countries. Divide by total population
• HDI -Human development index
• HDI is measured on 3 factors:

  1. Life expectancy
  2. years in education
  3. GNI per capita
• HDI is ranked on a scae of 0-1, 1 being best
• Lowest ranked country in the HDI was Niger with a HDI of 0.384
• highest ranked country in the HDI was Norway with a HDI of 0.944
• advantages of HDI is it takes into account several variables, not just 1, and gives a value between 0 and 1
• Birth rate - number of live births per 1000 per year
• Death rate - number of deaths per 1000 per year
• Life expectancy - the average number of years that someone is expected to live for
• Infant mortality rate - number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 per year
• Literacy rate - percentage of people who can read and write
• Demographic transition model

  A) birth rate

  B) death rate

  C) natural increase

  D) total population

  
• DTM stage 1:

  birth rate - high

  death rate - high

  natural increase - stable and slow
• DTM stage 2

  Birth rate - high

  Death rate - falls rapidly

  Natural increase - rises rapidly
• DTM stage 3

  birth rate - falling

  death rate - falling slowly

  natural increase - rising slowly
• DTM stage 4

  Birth rate - low

  death rate - low

  natural increase - gently falling them stable
• DTM stage 5

  birth rate - low

  death rate - low

  natural increase - slow decrease
• Problems of an aging population :

  need to pay pensions
• Problems of an aging population :

  increased tax
• Problems of an aging population :

  not enough people to work
• Problems of an aging population :

  increased need for money and workers in health care
• Physical causes of uneven development:

  • landlocked
  • climate
  • lack of natural resources
  • extreme weather
  • lack of adequate safe water supplies
• Landlocked country - causes uneven development as there is no access to sea to trade. Trade is very important for economic growth and development
• Climate related diseases - causes uneven development as people will become ill and unable to work, so less economical contribution
• Lack of natural resources - affects development as they cannot develop their industry
• extreme weather - causes uneven development as has an impact on agriculture and loss of crops, damage to trade routes and cos of repairing and rebuilding infrastructure
• Lack of safe water supplies - causes uneven development as means crops cannot grow, and causes bad health
• Poverty causes poverty -

  • poor countries lack water
  • people have to walk hours to collect water
  • when walking they cannot work or earn money
  • dirty water causes disease meaning they cannot work
• Rich countries often get raw materials from LICs due to low costs. This means the rich get richer and the LICs struggle to develop
• Ghanan trade trap:

  • Britain charges high taxes to import processed goods but low on raw materials
  • so Ghana sells Britain raw cocoa so they don't have to pay high prices
  • poor countries produce a lot of cocoa so the world price falls meaning Ghana cannot make profit
  • Ghana cant afford to build factories or pay high taxes
  • repeats