Geography

• Natural disasters in Asia, Australia, and Oceania are sometimes due to climate changes, El Niño, earthquake, Tsunami, flood, storm, volcanic eruption, and floods
• Global warming is the rising of the world temperature, mainly caused by human actions like burning fossil fuels, using non-biodegradable materials, and deforestation
• Burning fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases and destroys the ozone layer, contributing to global warming
• The effects of global warming include:

  • Change of seasons
  • Hazardous epidemics
  • Melting of polar ice leading to a rise in sea levels
• Ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

  1. Use renewable energy sources like water, wind, and solar energy that do not emit carbon dioxide

  2. Reduce energy consumption by turning off electrical appliances when not in use

  3. Choose eco-friendly products

  4. Implement control measures like limiting automobile speed and controlling smoke emissions from factories, automobiles, and motorcycles

  5. Stop deforestation and plant more trees to absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen
• Deforestation contributes to global warming as forests absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and emit oxygen
• El Niño is a warm ocean stream flowing along the coasts of Peru towards the south every 2-3 years, replacing the cold ocean stream for 2-3 months or longer
• Effects of El Niño phenomenon:

  1. Areas with high rainfall become dry and vice versa

  2. Wildfires increase, causing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

  3. Agricultural productivity decreases

  4. Water scarcity for consumption occurs
• Volcanic eruption is caused by changes in the Earth's plate when magma pushes out to the surface, spurring through fissures on the Earth's plate
• Storms in Asia, Australia, and Oceania are tropical cyclones with strong winds, deriving energy from heat and moisture from the ocean
• Different names for tropical cyclones depending on location:

  • South China Sea and Pacific Ocean: Typhoons
  • Indian Ocean: Cyclones
  • Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Hurricanes
  • Timor Sea: Willy-Willy
• Wildfires occur in summer due to high temperatures and drought, spreading through forests naturally or by human activities like burning for agriculture or hunting
• Floods occur when rivers overflow or sea levels rise uncontrollably, affecting human lives, properties, and agricultural areas
• Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of the Earth's tectonic plates, releasing heat from rocks in the inner layers, resulting in faults and shaking of the Earth's surface
• Causes of Tsunamis:

  • Earthquake under the sea or ocean
  • Volcanic eruption under the sea or ocean
  • Huge meteorite falling into the sea or ocean
  • Nuclear testing under the sea or ocean
• Australia's most important rivers are the Murray and the Darling
• Australia's most valuable crop is wheat
• Ranching, particularly sheep and cattle, is a major part of Australia's economy
• Australia is the world's leading wool producer
• Artesian wells in Australia are wells from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping
• Most Australians are descendants of British
• Australia is both a continent and a country, with five continental states and two territories
• The Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef in the world, is in Australia
• Australia's main industry is tourism, with a focus on water parks
• Christianity is the main religion in Australia
• New Zealand's landforms have been shaped by volcanoes
• New Zealand's climate is cooler than Australia's due to its distance from the Equator, with a mild climate and plenty of rainfall
• New Zealand uses geysers to produce electricity
• New Zealand shares British culture, holidays, and customs
• Aborigines in Australia came from Asia 40,000 years ago
• The Maori are the native people of New Zealand
• Mutton is the flesh of fully grown sheep, and beef is exported from Australia
• The Maori, the native people of New Zealand, travelled from Asia about 1,000 years ago
• Most Australians and New Zealanders today are descendants of British settlers